BIOLOGY TISSUES AN CELL CYCLE

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

4 General Types of Tissues

Epithelial Tissues

consists of sheet of cells that cover organisms and their organs

Epithelial Tissues

Mouth, gut, lungs, Heart, Blood vessels

Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal, Ciliated

Epithelial cell can vary in shape

Simple Squamous Epithelium

One layer of thin cells Ex. Kidney, lungs, heart, etc

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

One layer of cube-shape cells Ex. Kidney tubules, etc

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Made up of more than one layer of cells Ex. Linings of esophagus, mouth,

vagina, and anus

Simple Columnar Epithelium

One layer elongated cells Ex. Digestive Tract

Connective Tissues

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

ligaments

binds bone to bone

tendons

bins muscle to bone

collagen

a structural protein, makes up the 3 types of connective tissues

Collagenous, Reticular, Elastic

3 types of connective tissues

Collagenous Connective Tissue

(formed by type I collagen) Ex. Dense regular connective tissues in

tendons

Reticular Connective Tissue

(formed by type III collagen) Ex. Supporting framework of hematopoietic

Elastic Connective Tissue

(formed by type II collagen) Ex. Commonly found in trachea and bronchi

Muscular Tissues

your body form is mostly shaped by

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

3 different kinds of muscular tissues

Voluntary

Those that can be controlled by the nervous system

Involuntary

beyond the control of the nervous system

Skeletal muscles

made up of very long, cylindrical, and

multi-nucleated cells capable of quick and forceful

contractions – usually voluntary

Cardiac muscles

composed of elongated branched

individual cells. Capable of involuntary, vigorous, and

rhythmic contractions

Smooth muscles

collections of cells that do not show

cross striations – not subject to voluntary control. Ex,

digestive tube

Nervous Tissues

is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.

Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons

two different group of nervous

tissues

Sensory Neurons

Carry information obtained from

the interior of the body and the

environment to the Central

Nervous System (CNS)

Motor Neurons

Carry impulses from the CNS to the

effector organs commanded by

these centers

Meristematic or Embryonic, Non-Meristematic or Permanent

two general types of Plant tissue

Meristematic or Embryonic Tissues

located at the tips of roots and shoots of plants, growing points of plants (one of the 2)

Apical, Intercalary, Lateral

3 different kinds based on

location

Apical meristems

found at the tips of shoots and

roots

Intercalary meristems

found at the vicinity of nodes which

occurs at intervals along stems

Lateral meristems

increase the girth or diameter of

plants

Dermal, Fundamental, Vascular

the three general kinds of non-

meristematic tissues

Dermal Tissues

the outer layer of cells that form a protective covering (Plant)

Epidermis

protecting outer layer of

non-woody plant and young

woody plants.

Periderm

found in older woody plants as

part of secondary growth

Periderm

replaces the epidermis to form

cork and woody stems in roots

Fundamental Tissues

functions for photosynthesis, storage, and support

Parenchyma cells

Soft parts of apple consists of, secretes liquids

Collenchyma cells

allows plant to

grow upward in a crowded plants, for support

Sclerenchyma cells

Shells of nuts and stones of

fruits consists of

Vascular Tissues

transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant

Xylem

transport

nutrients from

roots going

upwards

Phloem

transport

nutrients downward

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Three main stages of Cell cycle

Regulatory Proteins

are responsible for regulating the cell cycle

Internal Regulators

proteins found inside the cell.

Ex. Cell Growth hormones

External Regulators

proteins that respond to

events outside the cell

Ex. Growth hormones and

Wound healing hormones

Proliferation of Cancer

A diminishing loss of control in the cell cycle

leads to the

Metastasis

process of spreading Cancer Cells

Normal

Large cytoplasm, single nucleus, and nucleolus, fine chromatin

Cancer

Small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei and large nucleolus, coarse chromatin

Apoptosis

natural cell

death

Necrosis

cell

death cause by

external factors

Gap 1 stage, Synthesis stage, Gap 2 stage

Interphase (3) stages

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Mitosis (4)

Gap 1

Growth stage

Synthesis stage

DNA synthesis

Gap 2 stage

growth and preparation for mitosis

Mitosis

cell division stage (not cytokinesis)

Prophase

Nuclear envelope

starts to disintegrate

and nucleolus

disappears

Metaphase

Spindle fibers are

fully developed and

the chromosomes

align at the

equatorial plate

Anaphase

Separation of

chromosomes, Spindle fibers lengthen

and elongate the cell

Telophase

complete sets of

chromosomes are

cordoned off into new

distinct nuclei of the

daughter cells. Nuclear envelope and

nucleolus starts to

reappear

Cytokinesis

Completes the full stage

of cell cycle. Occurs when the

cytoplasm from the

original cell divides and

forms two new cells

Meiosis

another process of cell division that takes place in sexually mature

organisms

Meiosis

It is a process that results in the

reduction of chromosome number

from diploid to haploid in the egg cell

and sperm cell

Prophase I

Nuclear membrane and

nucleolus starts to

disappear. Each chromosome is

composed of two sister

chromatids. Crossing over takes

place between two non-

sister chromatids

Metaphase I

Paired homologous

chromosomes are

moved by the spindle

fibers to the equator of

the cell

Anaphase I

Homologous pairs of

chromosomes separate

and migrate toward

their respective poles

Telophase I

Two daughter cells are

completely divided. Nuclear envelope and

nuclei reappear

Interkinesis

short pause between meiosis I and meiosis II

Interkinesis

is similar to interphase except

DNA synthesis does not occur

Prophase II

Nuclear envelope and

nucleoli disappear. Chromatids start to

shorten and thicken

Metaphase II

Each chromosome is

composed of two sister

chromatids that are

joined by a centromere

and are attached to the

spindle fiber

Anaphase II

Microtubules pulls the

sister chromatids apart

Telophase II

Spindle fibers

dissolved. 2 daughter cells

produced by each

diploid cell forming 4

haploid cell

Mitosis

Produces genetically identical cells. Result in diploid chromosome

number

Meiosis

Produces genetically unique cells. Results in haploid chromosome

number

Mitosis

Takes place throughout the

organisms’ lifetime. Involved in asexual reproduction

Meiosis

Takes place only during the

reproductive years of the organism. Involved in sexual reproduction

x, y

sex chromosomes (not gametes)

x or y

sperm cells can either be

x

egg cells only contain

46

number of chromosomes in the human body

22

how many pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes

Down Syndrome

extra copy of chromosome 21

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

XXY

Gametogenesis

Production of sex cells with

haploid number of chromosomes

Gametes

sex cells

Spermatogenesis

At the end of Meiosis II,

1 spermatogonium will

produce 4 haploid

spermatid, which

eventually develop into

sperm cells.

Oogenesis

At the end of meiosis II,

primary oocyte will

produce 1 haploid

ovum and 3 polar

bodies

G1 Checkpoint

Checks for the size of the cell

G2 Checkpoint

Checks for the integrity of DNA

M Checkpoint

Proper alignment of the

chromosomes

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium