Evolution of Pharmacy Practice and Education

Pharmacy Education in 1920s

Shifted to three and four-year degrees, guided by The Pharmaceutical Syllabus

Pharmaceutical Curriculum

Focused on essential pharmacy practice areas in the 1920s, excluding disease treatment

Merchandising in Pharmacy Practice

Increased as traditional compounding waned, leading to a crisis of professionalism

Accreditation Council for Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE)

Established in 1932, set national standards for pharmacy degree program accreditation

Pharmaceutical Survey

Commissioned in 1946, recognized tension between pharmacists as distributors and healthcare professionals

Doctor of Pharmacy Program

Recommended in the Pharmaceutical Survey to elevate pharmacy education to a six-year program

National Prohibition Impact

Boosted pharmacies' commercial interests during the 1920s

Medicinal Alcohol Loophole

Allowed sale and consumption exploited by pharmacists and physicians.

Soda Fountains

Popular alcohol-alternative destinations, profitable but non-professional.

Prescription Compounding

Diminished in 1920s, less than 1% sales from prescription drugs.

Ethical Standards

Limited pharmacists' discussion of prescription details with patients.

Pharmacy Crisis

Traditional role waning in 1920s, unclear pharmacist's new role.

Pharmacist Identity

Transitioned to front-end commercial interests from compounding.

Patient Care Services

Replaced dispensing as highest professional activity from 1950s-1970s.

Pharmacy Education Changes

Shifted to a five-year degree standard, emphasizing clinical pharmacy.

Compounded Prescriptions

Decreased to less than 5% by 1960 and 1% by 1970.

Premanufactured Drug Products

Increased diversity, over 50% more drugs dispensed in the 1950s.

Modern Pharmacy Practice

Transitioned to 'lick, stick, and pour' with premanufactured products.

Patient Care-Oriented Pharmacy

Focused on counseling, patient care, and professional services.

Eugene White's Innovation

Transformed pharmacy into a 'pharmaceutical center' in 1960.

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Introduced in the 1960s, revolutionizing hospital pharmacy practices.

1969 APhA Code of Ethics

Called for pharmacist's duty to prioritize patient health and safety.

1970s Practice Changes

Diversification of products and expansion of non-dispensing services.

1970s Computer Systems

Introduced to manage dispensing records and check drug interactions.

1950s-1970s American Pharmacy

Shifted focus from merchandising to patient care and medication needs.

1980-2009 Pharmaceutical Care Era

Transition to PharmD as entry-level degree and focus on patient care.

1984 Task Force Report

Called for a universal six-year PharmD degree.

1989 Declaration of Intent

ACPE's plan to adopt PharmD as standard by 2000.

2000 PharmD Transition

Shifted from BSPharm to universal PharmD by 2005.

Community Pharmacy Residencies

Developed in mid-1980s to train on clinical services.

Pharmaceutical Care Philosophy

Focused on responsible drug therapy for patient outcomes.

Hepler and Strand's Definition

Pharmaceutical care aims to improve patient's quality of life through defined outcomes.

1990 Prescription Counseling

Mandated by federal government as part of Medicaid program.

Medication Therapy Management (MTM)

Rebranded pharmaceutical care services in the 2000s.

Medicare Part D

Introduced in 2003, included MTM as a benefit for retail prescription drugs.

Immunization Role of Pharmacists

Expanded in the 1990s, with pharmacists becoming immunizers.

Pharmacist-provided immunizations

Expanded vaccination reach beyond primary care settings

MTM services

Medication Therapy Management services provided by pharmacists

Residencies

Post-grad training increasing for clinical pharmacy roles

Immunization scope

Expanded role of pharmacists in administering vaccines

Pharmaceutical care

Focus on patient care services over dispensing

CMR completion rate

Quality measure for Medicare Stars Rating program

OutcomesMTM®

Facilitator of pharmacist-provided MTM services

Provider status in Medicare Part B

Legislation to expand billing opportunities for pharmacists

Medication adherence

Quality measure for pharmacies, impacting payment adjustments

CPESN USA

Group supporting enhanced services in community pharmacies

Professional standing in pharmacy

Evolution towards patient care services over dispensing

PharmD Standard

Universal degree driving higher professional standing in pharmacy.

Entrepreneurial Pharmacists

Pharmacists developing innovative practices for enhanced patient care services.

Immunizations

Vaccinations likely to remain integral to pharmacy practice.

Healthcare Value

Demonstrating meaningful impact to justify non-dispensing roles.

Community Pharmacy Residency

Program enhancing community-based healthcare services.

Pharmaceutical Care

Pharmacists providing personalized care beyond dispensing medications.

Pharmacy Law

Regulations governing pharmacy practice and medication distribution.

Pharmacist Workforce Survey

Study determining demographic and practice characteristics in pharmacy.

Clinical Pharmacy Program

Program emphasizing direct patient care in pharmacy education.

Pharmacy Ethics

Guidelines ensuring ethical conduct in pharmaceutical practice.

Pharmacy Education Standards

Guidelines ensuring quality education leading to the PharmD degree.

Pharmacy Residency Program

Structured training enhancing pharmacy practice skills.

Pharmacy Value

Providing services with proven impact on healthcare quality and cost.

Pharmacy Evolution

Adapting practice to societal changes for improved patient care.