Exam 2 ANTHRO 100 Chapters 8, 9

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering essential concepts in economic systems and political organizations in anthropology.

Economic System

The way a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

Subsistence

How people obtain food and resources for survival.

Subsistence Strategies

Types of subsistence methods including foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism.

Foraging

Hunting and gathering wild resources.

Horticulture

Small-scale farming using simple tools.

Pastoralism

Raising and herding animals for food and resources.

Agriculture

Large-scale farming using intensive labor or technology.

Industrialism

Economy based on machines, factories, and mass production.

Reciprocity

Exchange of goods between people based on social relationships.

Types of Reciprocity

Generalized, balanced, and negative.

Generalized Reciprocity

Giving without expecting something in return immediately (e.g., family).

Balanced Reciprocity

Exchange with expectation of equal return.

Negative Reciprocity

Attempt to get something for as little as possible.

Redistribution

Goods are collected and then redistributed by a central authority.

Market Economy

System where goods and services are bought and sold using money.

Globalization (Economic terms)

Increasing global connections in trade, production, and consumption.

Division of Labor

The assignment of different tasks to different people.

Political System

The way power and leadership are organized in a society.

Power

The ability to influence or control others.

Authority

Legitimate, accepted use of power.

Types of Political Organization

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

Band

Small, egalitarian group with no formal leadership.

Tribe

Larger group with informal leaders and kin-based organization.

Chiefdom

Society with ranked status and a central leader (chief).

State

Complex society with centralized government and formal laws.

Social Control

Ways societies regulate behavior and maintain order.

Law

A formal rule enforced by political authority.

Conflict Resolution

Methods used to settle disputes.

Egalitarian Society

Society where people have roughly equal status and power.

Stratified Society

Society with unequal distribution of power and resources.

Coercive Power

Power maintained through force or threat.

Hegemony

Power maintained through cultural beliefs and consent rather than force.

Nationalism

Strong identification with a nation and shared identity.

Colonialism

Control of one society by another, often through settlement and exploitation.

Postcolonialism

Study of effects of colonial rule on societies.

Connection between Economics and Politics

Economic systems influence power, leadership, and social inequality.

Equality in Economy

Foraging economies are most associated with equality.

Political Hierarchy

States are the political system with the most hierarchy.

Key Feature of Modern Economies

Globalization and market exchange.