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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering essential concepts in economic systems and political organizations in anthropology.
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Economic System
The way a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.
Subsistence
How people obtain food and resources for survival.
Subsistence Strategies
Types of subsistence methods including foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism.
Foraging
Hunting and gathering wild resources.
Horticulture
Small-scale farming using simple tools.
Pastoralism
Raising and herding animals for food and resources.
Agriculture
Large-scale farming using intensive labor or technology.
Industrialism
Economy based on machines, factories, and mass production.
Reciprocity
Exchange of goods between people based on social relationships.
Types of Reciprocity
Generalized, balanced, and negative.
Generalized Reciprocity
Giving without expecting something in return immediately (e.g., family).
Balanced Reciprocity
Exchange with expectation of equal return.
Negative Reciprocity
Attempt to get something for as little as possible.
Redistribution
Goods are collected and then redistributed by a central authority.
Market Economy
System where goods and services are bought and sold using money.
Globalization (Economic terms)
Increasing global connections in trade, production, and consumption.
Division of Labor
The assignment of different tasks to different people.
Political System
The way power and leadership are organized in a society.
Power
The ability to influence or control others.
Authority
Legitimate, accepted use of power.
Types of Political Organization
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
Band
Small, egalitarian group with no formal leadership.
Tribe
Larger group with informal leaders and kin-based organization.
Chiefdom
Society with ranked status and a central leader (chief).
State
Complex society with centralized government and formal laws.
Social Control
Ways societies regulate behavior and maintain order.
Law
A formal rule enforced by political authority.
Conflict Resolution
Methods used to settle disputes.
Egalitarian Society
Society where people have roughly equal status and power.
Stratified Society
Society with unequal distribution of power and resources.
Coercive Power
Power maintained through force or threat.
Hegemony
Power maintained through cultural beliefs and consent rather than force.
Nationalism
Strong identification with a nation and shared identity.
Colonialism
Control of one society by another, often through settlement and exploitation.
Postcolonialism
Study of effects of colonial rule on societies.
Connection between Economics and Politics
Economic systems influence power, leadership, and social inequality.
Equality in Economy
Foraging economies are most associated with equality.
Political Hierarchy
States are the political system with the most hierarchy.
Key Feature of Modern Economies
Globalization and market exchange.