Discovering how people perceive their world, think and feel, change over time, learn and make decisions, and interact with others is the goal of what?
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directional relationship
temporal ordering (cause precedes the effect)
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association relation
covariation (cause and effect are associated)
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isolation relation
rule out third variables (no plausible explanation for the effect other than the cause)
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independent variable
this variable is manipulated or is the experimental condition
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dependent variable
this variable is the outcome of the interest in the particular study
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falseability
the ability to prove a hypothesis false
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proven
a hypothesis is never ______ but is just supported/not supported by evidence
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replication
redoing an experiment to see how accurate the results are
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meta-analysis
a study where the results of many different experiments are compiled to come to a conclusion
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conformity
Asch Brough participants in and showed them some lines and asked them what line matched what to see if they followed what the other “participants“ said or came up with their own conclusions. Asch was studying
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confederate
someone from the lab/actor that poses as a participant in an experiment
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deception
Milgram studied people to see if they would continue to follow directions to shock someone in distress. Those people ended up being actors making this what type of study
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how far they go
The dependent variable of Milgrams shock based obedience study was
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debriefing
ethical necessity, esp. for deception studies, where the participants are given the lowdown on the experiment after they complete it
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informed consent
the act of someone being told the honest aspects of the experiment and agreeing/not agreeing to it prior to the experiment
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institutional review board
this group is at every university and evaluates federally funded research involving human participants
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exempt
a low risk level decided by the IRB
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expedited
medium risk level decided by the IRB
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Full Board
high risk psychological or physical implications or use of a vulnerable population decided by the IRB
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consent to conceal
given by IRB that allows experiment to deceive participants
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deception
_____________ is permissible when 1) the research is important 2) there are no alternatives and 3) there is no foreseeable harm to participations
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omission
form of deception where the whole story isn’t being told
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active
form of deception where you are telling a false story to the participants
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double order
form of deception where the researcher says the experiment is over but asks more questions
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ethical principles
respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are the 3 basic what?
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autonomy
respect for persons means that individuals should be treated with what?
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benefits harms
benefice means you are trying to maximize ______ and minimize ______
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confidentiality
____________ is when a research can still figure out whose data belongs to who but promises not to share information
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anonymity
___________ is when there are no identifying characteristics recoding for data and the research can’t identify the participants
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data
prior to 2012/13, journals didn’t have access to _______, which caused alot of fraud problems
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falsifiability
the ability for a prediction to be precise enough to be tested and potentially diproven
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parsimony
the need for as few assumptions as possible for theory to be correct
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hypothesis
a testable statement describing the relation between two or more constructs
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constructs
abstract qualities that we attempt to measure
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variable
any attribute that changes values across things that are being studied
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central tendency
typical or average behavior
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variability
spread around the average
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null
type of hypothesis where all conditions will end up the same
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alternative
type of hypothesis where some of the conditions end up differently
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construct validity
based successful operationalization and measurement of constructs of interest
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type 1 error
type of error where the Ho is rejected when its true. False positive
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type 2 error
type of error where the Ho is not rejected when it should be (failure to reject the Ho). False negative
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power
ability to detect an effect in your sample when it exist in the population
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bayesian statistics
form a statistics that focuses on amount of evidence for or against a hypothesis
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basic
type of research about fundamental and vague psychological behaviors
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applied
type of research to increase knowledge about/solve specific daily problems
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lab
for of study that is being conducted in a controlled setting
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field
type of study conducted outside of the lab in a more realistic setting
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operational definitions
this takes an abstract concept and makes it into something measurable
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quantify
operational definitions ________ an abstract construct
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observational
this type of research is focus on using data in cases where the researcher looks at participants in their natural environment, normal to establish a baseline for an attitude or behavior
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correlational
this type of study has researcher measuring existing levels of the independent variable to determine its relationship to the dependent variable. looking at the information given w/out effecting the participants
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experimental
this type of study has an investigator manipulate the levels of an independent variable to determine its causal effect upon the dependent variable
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observational
You measure how much time a sample of children watch violent tv. What type of research is this?
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experimental
You have a group of children watch violent programs and another group watch non violent programs, and then record the differences in amount of violent behavior between the two groups. What type of research is this?
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correlational
You measure how much time a sample of children watch violent tv and relate that to how much violent behavior the children exhibit. What type of research is this?
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observational
Having more realistic data but only being able to be descriptive is a staple of what research method?
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converging operations
the use of several research methods to solve a single problem so that the strengths of one method balance out the weaknesses of the others
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open
_______ science and data is a solution a fraud that has researchers sharing data with each other, publishers, and the public
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pre-register
this type of hypothesis and analyses is a solution to fraud similar to open data that is trying to get research to be more honest and open with their process so that they can’t pick and choose
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construct
this type of validity that measures successful operationalization and measurement of constructs of interest. aka are you measuring what you think your are?
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jingle fallacy
belief that because the same name is applied to measure of different construct and these measures are really assessing the same thing. ex “Smith’s ‘measure of extraversion’ and Johnson’s ‘measure of extroversions’ might not measure the same thing
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jangle fallacy
belief that because measures are called by different names they are measuring different constructs. ex Smiths measures of sociability and Johnson’s measures of urgency might not actually measure extraversion
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true score
the ideal part of the observed score that actually measure the construt
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systematic error
part of the observed score that comes from problems in an experiment like the subject giving someone anxiety and the questions being phrased poorly
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random error
part of the observed score that comes from problems that can’t be guessed, predicted, or prepared for
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social desirability
type of response bias that causes people to over or under report to be liked more
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reliability
refers to the consistency of a measure
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test retest
type of reliability that focuses on there being change in scores due to taking the test multiple times/time between the test
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alternate forms
type of reliability that focuses on differences across different forms of the same test
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internal consistency
type of reliability the focuses on difference between different items/questions within the same test
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inter rater
type of reliability that focuses on differences between different test examiners and scorers
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test rest
When Ryan joins college football he has to take a baseline test that they can compare to tests taken when he suffers brain trauma. This is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?
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alternate forms
Sam and Alex take start their Psy 203 exams. Sam, who’s taking the A version, quickly realizes his test is significantly harder than Alex’s B test and he’s going to fail. This is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?
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internal consistency
Henry is taking a math test but suddenly the 10th question asks about ionic bonds. this is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?
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inter rater
Samson and Miley both have to observe a line outside of a bar to see how many college kids trip. However Samson’s counts people just fumble a little while Miley is look for people who just full out fall. his is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?
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bandwidth fidelity
what is the dilemma that is about how broadly someone wants to study one/many things in a test vs the amount of time it takes and precision/accuracy it takes to do so. The more observations you have the better but in practice you dont have the time/resources to do this
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adaptive
what type of testing calibrates the difficulty based off the responses/results to previous questions to maximize efficiency? similar to ISTEP/ILearn/GRE
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validity
the extent to which a test measures what it sets out to measure
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Face
this type of validity is more conceptual and is about whether that participant thinks the test is measuring what its supposed to
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criterion related
this type of validity deal with whether the test actually predict the behavior that’s being looked at
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predictive
this type of criterion related valid is about scores that are correlated with behaviors that happen at some future time
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concurrent
this type of criterion related validity has test scores that are usually correlated with currently obtained behaviors
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concurrent
Taking the SAT your senior year and are comparing it to your high school GPA is an example of what type of criterion related validity
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predictive
Taking the SAT your senior year and are comparing it to your college GPA is an example of what type of criterion related validity
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construct
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convergent
similar measures that are measuring a similar topic (ex. two intelligence test) should be positively correlated/produce similar scores
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convergent
When making an intelligence test, you can compare your new test to other test. If the scores are pretty similar and correlated with each other, then your new test is pretty accurate. this would be an example of what type of validity?
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discriminant
this type of validity is when test measuring different constructs are negatively related or not related.
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discriminant
comparing apples to oranges would be in line with what type of validity?
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construct
this type of validity focuses on how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable.
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categorical
this type of variable deals with discrete values (ex. age group)
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continuous
this type of variable deals with ranges of values that can very (ex. age)
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nominal
this scale of measurement classifies different things into categories that are arbitrary
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nominal
grades, gender. political affiliation, and relationship status are all examples of what type of measurement system
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ordinal
this scale of measurement classification deals with rank order of behavior and events
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ordinal
class rank in school or finishing position in a race would be an example of what type of measurement system
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interval
this scale of measurement classifies a number that gives the interval between different positions and can find means and SD’s
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interval
the distance between scores on an exam would be an example of what type of measurement system?