Unit 1

behavioral research

behavioral research

Discovering how people perceive their world, think and feel, change over time, learn and make decisions, and interact with others is the goal of what?

directional relationship

temporal ordering (cause precedes the effect)

association relation

covariation (cause and effect are associated)

isolation relation

rule out third variables (no plausible explanation for the effect other than the cause)

independent variable

this variable is manipulated or is the experimental condition

dependent variable

this variable is the outcome of the interest in the particular study

falseability

the ability to prove a hypothesis false

proven

a hypothesis is never ______ but is just supported/not supported by evidence

replication

redoing an experiment to see how accurate the results are

meta-analysis

a study where the results of many different experiments are compiled to come to a conclusion

conformity

Asch Brough participants in and showed them some lines and asked them what line matched what to see if they followed what the other “participants“ said or came up with their own conclusions. Asch was studying

confederate

someone from the lab/actor that poses as a participant in an experiment

deception

Milgram studied people to see if they would continue to follow directions to shock someone in distress. Those people ended up being actors making this what type of study

how far they go

The dependent variable of Milgrams shock based obedience study was

debriefing

ethical necessity, esp. for deception studies, where the participants are given the lowdown on the experiment after they complete it

informed consent

the act of someone being told the honest aspects of the experiment and agreeing/not agreeing to it prior to the experiment

institutional review board

this group is at every university and evaluates federally funded research involving human participants

exempt

a low risk level decided by the IRB

expedited

medium risk level decided by the IRB

Full Board

high risk psychological or physical implications or use of a vulnerable population decided by the IRB

consent to conceal

given by IRB that allows experiment to deceive participants

deception

_____________ is permissible when 1) the research is important 2) there are no alternatives and 3) there is no foreseeable harm to participations

omission

form of deception where the whole story isn’t being told

active

form of deception where you are telling a false story to the participants

double order

form of deception where the researcher says the experiment is over but asks more questions

ethical principles

respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are the 3 basic what?

autonomy

respect for persons means that individuals should be treated with what?

benefits harms

benefice means you are trying to maximize ______ and minimize ______

confidentiality

____________ is when a research can still figure out whose data belongs to who but promises not to share information

anonymity

___________ is when there are no identifying characteristics recoding for data and the research can’t identify the participants

data

prior to 2012/13, journals didn’t have access to _______, which caused alot of fraud problems

falsifiability

the ability for a prediction to be precise enough to be tested and potentially diproven

parsimony

the need for as few assumptions as possible for theory to be correct

hypothesis

a testable statement describing the relation between two or more constructs

constructs

abstract qualities that we attempt to measure

variable

any attribute that changes values across things that are being studied

central tendency

typical or average behavior

variability

spread around the average

null

type of hypothesis where all conditions will end up the same

alternative

type of hypothesis where some of the conditions end up differently

construct validity

based successful operationalization and measurement of constructs of interest

type 1 error

type of error where the Ho is rejected when its true. False positive

type 2 error

type of error where the Ho is not rejected when it should be (failure to reject the Ho). False negative

power

ability to detect an effect in your sample when it exist in the population

bayesian statistics

form a statistics that focuses on amount of evidence for or against a hypothesis

basic

type of research about fundamental and vague psychological behaviors

applied

type of research to increase knowledge about/solve specific daily problems

lab

for of study that is being conducted in a controlled setting

field

type of study conducted outside of the lab in a more realistic setting

operational definitions

this takes an abstract concept and makes it into something measurable

quantify

operational definitions ________ an abstract construct

observational

this type of research is focus on using data in cases where the researcher looks at participants in their natural environment, normal to establish a baseline for an attitude or behavior

correlational

this type of study has researcher measuring existing levels of the independent variable to determine its relationship to the dependent variable. looking at the information given w/out effecting the participants

experimental

this type of study has an investigator manipulate the levels of an independent variable to determine its causal effect upon the dependent variable

observational

You measure how much time a sample of children watch violent tv. What type of research is this?

experimental

You have a group of children watch violent programs and another group watch non violent programs, and then record the differences in amount of violent behavior between the two groups. What type of research is this?

correlational

You measure how much time a sample of children watch violent tv and relate that to how much violent behavior the children exhibit. What type of research is this?

observational

Having more realistic data but only being able to be descriptive is a staple of what research method?

converging operations

the use of several research methods to solve a single problem so that the strengths of one method balance out the weaknesses of the others

open

_______ science and data is a solution a fraud that has researchers sharing data with each other, publishers, and the public

pre-register

this type of hypothesis and analyses is a solution to fraud similar to open data that is trying to get research to be more honest and open with their process so that they can’t pick and choose

construct

this type of validity that measures successful operationalization and measurement of constructs of interest. aka are you measuring what you think your are?

jingle fallacy

belief that because the same name is applied to measure of different construct and these measures are really assessing the same thing. ex “Smith’s ‘measure of extraversion’ and Johnson’s ‘measure of extroversions’ might not measure the same thing

jangle fallacy

belief that because measures are called by different names they are measuring different constructs. ex Smiths measures of sociability and Johnson’s measures of urgency might not actually measure extraversion

true score

the ideal part of the observed score that actually measure the construt

systematic error

part of the observed score that comes from problems in an experiment like the subject giving someone anxiety and the questions being phrased poorly

random error

part of the observed score that comes from problems that can’t be guessed, predicted, or prepared for

social desirability

type of response bias that causes people to over or under report to be liked more

reliability

refers to the consistency of a measure

test retest

type of reliability that focuses on there being change in scores due to taking the test multiple times/time between the test

alternate forms

type of reliability that focuses on differences across different forms of the same test

internal consistency

type of reliability the focuses on difference between different items/questions within the same test

inter rater

type of reliability that focuses on differences between different test examiners and scorers

test rest

When Ryan joins college football he has to take a baseline test that they can compare to tests taken when he suffers brain trauma. This is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?

alternate forms

Sam and Alex take start their Psy 203 exams. Sam, who’s taking the A version, quickly realizes his test is significantly harder than Alex’s B test and he’s going to fail. This is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?

internal consistency

Henry is taking a math test but suddenly the 10th question asks about ionic bonds. this is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?

inter rater

Samson and Miley both have to observe a line outside of a bar to see how many college kids trip. However Samson’s counts people just fumble a little while Miley is look for people who just full out fall. his is an example of a problem with what type of reliability?

bandwidth fidelity

what is the dilemma that is about how broadly someone wants to study one/many things in a test vs the amount of time it takes and precision/accuracy it takes to do so. The more observations you have the better but in practice you dont have the time/resources to do this

adaptive

what type of testing calibrates the difficulty based off the responses/results to previous questions to maximize efficiency? similar to ISTEP/ILearn/GRE

validity

the extent to which a test measures what it sets out to measure

Face

this type of validity is more conceptual and is about whether that participant thinks the test is measuring what its supposed to

criterion related

this type of validity deal with whether the test actually predict the behavior that’s being looked at

predictive

this type of criterion related valid is about scores that are correlated with behaviors that happen at some future time

concurrent

this type of criterion related validity has test scores that are usually correlated with currently obtained behaviors

concurrent

Taking the SAT your senior year and are comparing it to your high school GPA is an example of what type of criterion related validity

predictive

Taking the SAT your senior year and are comparing it to your college GPA is an example of what type of criterion related validity

construct

convergent

similar measures that are measuring a similar topic (ex. two intelligence test) should be positively correlated/produce similar scores

convergent

When making an intelligence test, you can compare your new test to other test. If the scores are pretty similar and correlated with each other, then your new test is pretty accurate. this would be an example of what type of validity?

discriminant

this type of validity is when test measuring different constructs are negatively related or not related.

discriminant

comparing apples to oranges would be in line with what type of validity?

construct

this type of validity focuses on how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable.

categorical

this type of variable deals with discrete values (ex. age group)

continuous

this type of variable deals with ranges of values that can very (ex. age)

nominal

this scale of measurement classifies different things into categories that are arbitrary

nominal

grades, gender. political affiliation, and relationship status are all examples of what type of measurement system

ordinal

this scale of measurement classification deals with rank order of behavior and events

ordinal

class rank in school or finishing position in a race would be an example of what type of measurement system

interval

this scale of measurement classifies a number that gives the interval between different positions and can find means and SD’s

interval

the distance between scores on an exam would be an example of what type of measurement system?