Studied by 46 people2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Products of glycolysis
2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA
Products of pyruvate oxidation
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP
Products of Citric Acid cycle
A + B = AB Water is always produced
Explain what an anabolic reaction is and give an example. What is always produced?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Formula for photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Formula for cellular respiration
The potential energy is transferred to the ATP Synthase in the form of kinetic energy.
Explain how the potential energy in the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP from ADP+Pi
A 20% T 20% C 30% G 30%
If you have 20% A in a sequence of DNA, what are the percentages of the other nucleotides?
Chloroplasts, Chlorophyll is the pigment
What organelle carries out photosynthesis? What's the name of the pigment which is in this organelle?
A) triangle G= -7kcal/mol Favorable
Which of the following Delta G are favorable the explain why they are or are not favorable A) triangle G= -7kcal/mol B) triangle G= 3kcal/mol
Leading stands only need one RNA primer (okazaki fragments), while lagging strands need multiple of them. lagging strands = 3' to 5' leading strands= 5' to 3'
Explain the significance of the leading and lagging strands of DNA, as they relate to 3' and 5'.
Heterotrophic prokaryotes
Which evolved first heterotrophic prokaryotes or photosynthetic ones?
Yes, its in the chloroplasts
True or false? If it is true, write an explanation. Plants also have mitochondria
Glycolysis - Cytoplasm CAC - In the matrix
Where does glycolysis occur? What about the citric acid cycle?
A change in nucleotides, but due to redundancy of the genetic code, there's no change in amino acid identity
Silent mutation
alter an original nucleotide sequence to a new one
single point mutation (SNP's)
Insertion and deletion mutations shift the reading frame of genes.
Frameshift mutation
Sequences of DNA that can cut or copy and paste themselves around the genome.
Transposons
The active site is where the substrate binds. They can be inhibited via a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor.
What is an active site on an enzyme?
Delta G is the change of energy in a reaction. The enzyme will bring into the reaction a negative △G which allows the reaction to proceed.
What is △G? How do enzymes allow reactions which are unfavorable to proceed?
-proteins -unique structure/active site -Denature in extreme heat/pH -Lower activation energy of a reaction -One function/not dynamic -Cofactor/prosthetic group (non-protein component necessary for the enzyme
Properties of an enzyme
Pyruvate oxidation
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Conversion or amino acids
What are the 3 ways to produce Acetyl-CoA? Explain the significance of Acetyl-CoA.
When the competitive inhibitor binds to the substrate, the non competitive inhibitor can no longer bind to it. The non competitive inhibitor does not have a similar shape to the substrate
Describe on a molecular level how competitive and non-competitive inhibitors work with enzymes.
The non-competitive inhibitor is not trying to bind the active site, which the substrate is trying to bind.
Why does substrate concentration not matter with a non-competitive inhibitor?
5' - TAGGCTAGCTAGGGCTA - 3'
If you have a DNA sequence as seen below, what does the other strand look like? 3' - ATCCGATCGATCCCGAT- 5'
2 new strands created have 1 strand from the original strand and the other from a newly synthesized strand.
Explain all of semi-conservative DNA replication with all enzymes.
The 3' indicates that the chromosome base pairs will continue, and the 5' ends determine that it will end.
Explain the significance of the 3' and 5' ends of DNA
Synthesize new telomere sequences. It is only observed in stem cell, and cancer cells
telomerase
fix mismatches in DNA due to mistakes made by DNA polymerase 3. The polymerase enzyme makes a mistake approximately one in every 100 thousand base pair
Exonuclease and endonuclease enzymes
Isomerase enzymes rearrange the connectivity of a molecule. Nothing is added or taken away. (INCOMPLETE)
Explain how an isomerase works. What is an isomer? Give an example of an isomer.
Either take a phosphate from ATP and add it to an intermediate, or take a phosphate from an intermediate and add it to ADP to make ATP
Explain the possible functions of a kinase enzyme
Calvin cycle which uses energy from compounds to create GA3P from CO2.
In photosynthesis what are light-independent reactions?
Delta G measures the change of energy in a reaction, and when an enzyme is present, it speeds up the reaction (energy becomes faster). (ATP=Energy)
How does delta G relate to enzymes and ATP?
Light reactions that use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.
What are the light dependent reactions?
A process of building up larger molecules like proteins from component building blocks, in this case of proteins, amino acids. A water molecule is always produced. A + B = AB
Anabolic
The process of breaking down larger molecules like proteins into smaller building blocks, in this case, amino acids. Water molecule is always used in catabolism AB = A + B
Catabolism
Note
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