Explain what an anabolic reaction is and give an example. What is always produced?
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6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Formula for photosynthesis
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Formula for cellular respiration
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The potential energy is transferred to the ATP Synthase in the form of kinetic energy.
Explain how the potential energy in the H+ gradient is used to generate ATP from ADP+Pi
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A 20% T 20% C 30% G 30%
If you have 20% A in a sequence of DNA, what are the percentages of the other nucleotides?
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Chloroplasts, Chlorophyll is the pigment
What organelle carries out photosynthesis? What's the name of the pigment which is in this organelle?
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A) triangle G= -7kcal/mol Favorable
Which of the following Delta G are favorable the explain why they are or are not favorable A) triangle G= -7kcal/mol B) triangle G= 3kcal/mol
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Leading stands only need one RNA primer (okazaki fragments), while lagging strands need multiple of them. lagging strands = 3' to 5' leading strands= 5' to 3'
Explain the significance of the leading and lagging strands of DNA, as they relate to 3' and 5'.
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Heterotrophic prokaryotes
Which evolved first heterotrophic prokaryotes or photosynthetic ones?
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Yes, its in the chloroplasts
True or false? If it is true, write an explanation. Plants also have mitochondria
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Glycolysis - Cytoplasm CAC - In the matrix
Where does glycolysis occur? What about the citric acid cycle?
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A change in nucleotides, but due to redundancy of the genetic code, there's no change in amino acid identity
Silent mutation
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alter an original nucleotide sequence to a new one
single point mutation (SNP's)
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Insertion and deletion mutations shift the reading frame of genes.
Frameshift mutation
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Sequences of DNA that can cut or copy and paste themselves around the genome.
Transposons
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The active site is where the substrate binds. They can be inhibited via a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor.
What is an active site on an enzyme?
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Delta G is the change of energy in a reaction. The enzyme will bring into the reaction a negative △G which allows the reaction to proceed.
What is △G? How do enzymes allow reactions which are unfavorable to proceed?
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-proteins -unique structure/active site -Denature in extreme heat/pH -Lower activation energy of a reaction -One function/not dynamic -Cofactor/prosthetic group (non-protein component necessary for the enzyme
Properties of an enzyme
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1. Pyruvate oxidation 2. Beta oxidation of fatty acids 3. Conversion or amino acids
What are the 3 ways to produce Acetyl-CoA? Explain the significance of Acetyl-CoA.
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When the competitive inhibitor binds to the substrate, the non competitive inhibitor can no longer bind to it. The non competitive inhibitor does not have a similar shape to the substrate
Describe on a molecular level how competitive and non-competitive inhibitors work with enzymes.
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The non-competitive inhibitor is not trying to bind the active site, which the substrate is trying to bind.
Why does substrate concentration not matter with a non-competitive inhibitor?
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5' - TAGGCTAGCTAGGGCTA - 3'
If you have a DNA sequence as seen below, what does the other strand look like? 3' - ATCCGATCGATCCCGAT- 5'
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2 new strands created have 1 strand from the original strand and the other from a newly synthesized strand.
Explain all of semi-conservative DNA replication with all enzymes.
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The 3' indicates that the chromosome base pairs will continue, and the 5' ends determine that it will end.
Explain the significance of the 3' and 5' ends of DNA
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Synthesize new telomere sequences. It is only observed in stem cell, and cancer cells
telomerase
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fix mismatches in DNA due to mistakes made by DNA polymerase 3. The polymerase enzyme makes a mistake approximately one in every 100 thousand base pair
Exonuclease and endonuclease enzymes
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Isomerase enzymes rearrange the connectivity of a molecule. Nothing is added or taken away. (INCOMPLETE)
Explain how an isomerase works. What is an isomer? Give an example of an isomer.
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Either take a phosphate from ATP and add it to an intermediate, or take a phosphate from an intermediate and add it to ADP to make ATP
Explain the possible functions of a kinase enzyme
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Calvin cycle which uses energy from compounds to create GA3P from CO2.
In photosynthesis what are light-independent reactions?
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Delta G measures the change of energy in a reaction, and when an enzyme is present, it speeds up the reaction (energy becomes faster). (ATP=Energy)
How does delta G relate to enzymes and ATP?
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Light reactions that use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.
What are the light dependent reactions?
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A process of building up larger molecules like proteins from component building blocks, in this case of proteins, amino acids. A water molecule is always produced. A + B = AB
Anabolic
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The process of breaking down larger molecules like proteins into smaller building blocks, in this case, amino acids. Water molecule is always used in catabolism AB = A + B