Criminology 100 Final exam

Enlightenment

A movement during the eighteenth century in England and France focused on liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism.

Penitentiary

An institution designed to punish criminals by isolating them from society for reflection and reform.

Pennsylvania System

An approach where imprisoned individuals reflect on their misdeeds in solitary confinement, promoting repentance and reform.

NY System

Imprisoned individuals held in isolation at night but worked together during the day under strict silence.

Elmira Reformatory

An institution emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole for rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation Model

A corrections approach focused on rehabilitating individual offenders.

Community Model

A corrections approach aimed at reintegrating convicted individuals into the community.

Crime Control Model

A corrections model based on the belief that criminal behavior can be controlled through incarceration and strict supervision.

Hands-off Policy

A judicial stance that judges should not interfere with correctional institution administration.

Custodial Model

A model of incarceration emphasizing security, discipline, and order.

Reintegration Model

A correctional model highlighting the importance of maintaining ties to family and community for reform.

Three Factors Related to Prison Life Quality

Order, amenity, and service provided based on available resources.

Acceptable Force Use in Prison

Includes preventing harm, self-defense, preventing escape, preventing damage to property, and maintaining order.

Types of Offenders in Prison

violent offenders, property offenders, drug offenders, and those involved in sexual assault or domestic violence

Adaptive Roles in Prison

Roles such as doing time, gleaning, jailing, and disorganized crime within the prison setting.

Inmate Code

The values and norms defining the concept of the model prisoner within the prison social system.

Prison Economy

Refers to the economic activities and exchanges that occur among inmates, including commissary and trading of goods.

Issues of Women in Prison

Challenges include sexual misconduct, lack of vocational training, inadequate medical services, and the impact on mothers and children.

Classification Process

The assignment of inmates to categories based on risk, education, work ability, and readiness for release.

Prison Programs

Include educational programs, vocational training, rehabilitative programs, and medical services offered to inmates.

Types of Prison Violence

Includes prisoner-prisoner violence, prisoner-officer violence, officer-prisoner violence, and other forms of institutional violence.

Characteristics of Prison Violence

Factors such as age, race, and mental illness that influence the prevalence and nature of violence in prisons.

Probation

A court-imposed sanction allowing individuals to remain in the community under supervision instead of serving time in prison.

Community Justice Model

Emphasizes victim restitution and community involvement in crime prevention as a core aspect of justice.

Probation in MD

Can last up to five years with violations potentially leading to revocation and original sentencing.

Institutionalization

The process whereby parolees face challenges adapting to life outside institutional structures.

Invisible Punishments

Consequences faced by individuals due to their criminal status, such as job denial or lack of services.

Youth Crime Causes

Factors like gangs, social media influence, and drug use leading to criminal behavior among youths.

Juvenile Court Act of 1899

Established the first dedicated juvenile court system in the U.S., focusing on rehabilitation over punishment.

Age Ranges for Juvenile Court

Individuals aged 15-17 fall under juvenile court jurisdiction.

PINS

Persons in need of supervision, a term used in juvenile justice.

Dependent

A child without a parent or guardian who cannot provide proper care.

Neglected Child

A child who receives inadequate care due to parental inaction or actions.

In re Gault

A landmark case affirming juveniles' rights to counsel and due process during legal proceedings.

In re Winship

Established that the 'beyond a reasonable doubt' standard applies to juvenile delinquency cases.

Police Reform

The ongoing effort to redefine police roles, improve community trust, and ensure fair treatment and accountability.

Homeland Security

The protection of a nation from threats, ensuring safety through law enforcement intelligence and coordination.

Geographic Information System

Technology used by law enforcement to analyze and map crime patterns and problem locations.

DNA Analysis

A scientific method that uses genetic information to identify individuals through their unique DNA patterns.

Surveillance Technologies

Use of technology in monitoring and identifying criminal activities, including the potential application of drones.

Doing time

the period an individual serves in prison or jail, typically after being convicted of a crime and sentenced to incarceration. This phase often involves rehabilitation programs and the experience of prison life.

gleaning

working to improve themselves to prepare for a return to society. It involves acquiring skills, education, or therapy during incarceration.

Jailing

the practice of confining individuals in a jail, which is a short-term detention facility for those awaiting trial or serving sentences for minor offenses.

Disorganized Crime

criminal activity that lacks a structured organization, is typically committed by individuals or small groups, and is often driven by immediate need or impulse rather than a profit motive