Criminology 100 Final exam

• Chapter 10 – Corrections

  • Invention and reform of penitentiary

    • Enlightenment - A movement during the eighteenth century in England and France in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

    • Penitentiary - An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform.

    • Pennsylvania system - Imprisoned people would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced, through hard and selective forms of suffering, that they could change their lives. Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.In isolation, people would reflect on their transgressions and repent. Solitary confinement would be punishment, because humans are by nature social animals. Solitary confinement would be economical, because imprisoned people would not need a long time to repent, and so fewer keepers would be needed and the cost of clothing would be lower.

    • NY system -imprisoned people were held in isolation at night but worked with others in shops during the day. Working under a rule of silence, they were forbidden even to exchange glances while on the job or at meals. Inmates sleep in their cells but come together to eat and work

    • Elmira reformatory - An institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.Brockway believed that diagnosis and treatment were the keys to reform and rehabilitation

  • Rehabilitation model

    •  rehabilitating individual offenders.

  • Community model

    • A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the convicted person into the community.

  • crime control model

    • A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

  • Hands-off policy

    • Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions.

• Chapter 11 – Goals of incarceration

  • Custodial model

    •  A model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.

  • Rehabilitation model

    •  A model of incarceration that emphasizes treatment programs to help imprisoned people address the personal problems and issues that led them to commit crimes.

  • reintegration model

    • A correctional model that emphasizes maintaining the individual’s ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society.

  • Governing prisoners 

    • three factors related to the quality of life in prison - "provides as much order, amenity, and service as possible given the human and financial resources"

  • 5 uses of acceptable force in prison 

    • preventing harm

    • self defense

    • preventing escape

    • preventing damage to property,

    • maintaining order.

  • Types of offenders in prison

    • Elderly prisoners

    • Prisoners with mental health issues

    • Long term prisoners

  • Adaptive roles in prison

    • Doing time

    • Gleaning

    • Jailing

    • Disorganized crime

  • Inmate code

    • The values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates’ idea of the model prisoner.

  • Prison economy

    • Commissary

    • Stolen food sold to other inmates BY inmates

  • Issues of women in prison

    • Sexual Misconduct

    • Lack of variety of Educational and Vocational Training programs

    • Lack of medical services when women are the ones that typically need more attention

    • Mothers and their children

  • Classification process and prison programs

    • Classification - the process of assigning an inmate to a category based on his or her risk to security, educational level, ability to work, ad readiness for release

      • Classification can be affected by the institutions needs rather the needs of the residents

    • Prison programs

      • Educational programs

      • Vocational education - attempt to teach marketable job skills

      • Prison industries

      • Rehabilitative programs

      • Medical services

• Prison violence – types and characteristics

  • Types of prison violence 

    • Prisoner-prisoner violence

    • Prisoner-officer violence

    • Officer-prisoner violence

    • Decreasing prison violence

    • Prison gangs

    • Prison rape

    • Protective custody

  • Characteristics

    • Age

    • Race

    • Mental illness

Chapter 12 – Probation/intermediate sanctions

• Who created probation? How has it evolved over time?

  • John augusts created probation

• How does it end?

  • Community justice model - a model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the victim and the community, a problem-solving perspective with regard to crime, and citizen involvement in crime prevention. This is how probation ends.

• Probation in MD

  • Up to five years, violation can result in revocation of probation and potentially the imposition of the original sentence.

• Chapter 13 – Reentry

  • Institutionalization 

    • When someone on parole has trouble because they’re too used to their institutions structure or rules

  • Invisible punishments

    • The chance of not getting a job because of your status, getting denied service, etc.

• Chapter 14 – Juvenile justice

  • Youth crime causes, intent, and status offenses

    • Causes - gangs, social media, drug use

    • Intent - intent can only be determined by the youths mental state at the time of the event

    • Status offenses - things that are unlawful for minors but not for adults (such as skipping school, running away, or drinking alcohol)

  • Juvenile Court Act of 1899

    • Established the first dedicated juvenile court system in the united states, focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment for young offenders

  • Age ranges for juvenile court jurisdiction

  • 15-17

  • Juvenile vs. adult terms (PINS, dependent, neglected, delinquent, etc)

    • Pins - Persons in need of supervision. 

    • Dependent - a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents cannot give proper care

    • Neglected child - A child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of their parents.

  • Police and juveniles

  • Courts and juveniles

  • Corrections and juveniles

  • In re gault

    • Juveniles have the right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment.

  • In re winship

    • The standard of proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings.

• Chapter 15 - Current challenges in criminal justice

  • Police reform

    • Redefining the role of local police by reconsidering the range of police responsibilities

    • Improving trust of and legitimacy for police in the eyes of COMMUNITY RESIDENTS

    • Emphasizing sanctity of life and public safety as core responsibilities for police officers

    • Prioritizing equal treatment and fairness in police training and practices

    • Establishing transparency and accountability to reinforce policing practices that respect law and constitutional rights

    • Strengthening police officers’ understanding of, interactions with, and connections to the communities that they serve

  • Homeland security

    • Law enforcement intelligence - Information, collected and analyzed by law enforcement officials, concerning criminal activities and organizations such as gangs, drug traffickers, and organized crime.

    • Fusion centers - Centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats.

    • Prepares for threats

  • Technology and the CJ system

    • Geographic information system

      • Computer technology and software used by law enforcement officials to map problem locations in order to understand calls for service and the nature and frequency of crimes and other issues within specific neighborhoods.

    • Databases - DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID analysis - A scientific technique that identifies people through their distinctive gene patterns (also called genotypic features). DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic component of all chromosomes; all the cells in an individual’s body, including those in skin, blood, organs, and semen, contain the same unique DNA.

  • Surveillance and identification

    • Drones as surveillance or weapons?