Studied by 3 people
Social Identity Theory
SIT, personal self, saliency, Tajfel’s 4 steps (social categorization, social identification, social comparison, positive distinctiveness)
Abrams et al - replication of Asch; Participants conformed to erroneous confederate judgements more often if they believe confederates were from in-group. This shows how social categorization/groups can play role in decision to conform
Tajfel et al - Out-group is very easy to trigger and can lead to discrimination against the out-group. Shows the natural tendency of member of a group to favor their in-group
Social groups (SAQ only)
SIT, personal self, saliency, Tajfel’s 4 steps (social categorization, social identification, social comparison, positive distinctiveness)
Abrams - Participants conformed to erroneous cofederate judgements more often if they believe confederates were from in-group, psychology vs. ancient history
Formation of stereotypes
Stereotype, Tajfel's SIT, grain of truth hypothesis, gatekeepers, illusory correlation, schema
Rogers and Frantz - The stereotypes and attitudes about the African population were integrated into the identities of newcomers as they began to identify with their new group and conform to group norms
Hamilton and Gifford - Participants overestimated the number of negative traits in the minority group (the outgroup). Since the minority group was smaller in number, their negative behaviors appeared more distinct and wer representative of the group, leading to the formation of stereotypes of the minority group.
Effect of stereotypes of behavior
memory distortion, reconstructive memory, schema
Martin and Halverson - Children were more confident and demonstrated less distortion of memory when the stories were consistent with gender schema. Supports the theory that stereotypes affected the encoding and retrival of information
Payne - Priming the participants with black facer led to more errors in identifying an image as a weapon instead of a tool. Therefore, steretypes of a specific race affected perception, which then affected memory
Social cognitive theory
SCT, vicarious reinforcement, observational learning, 4 cognitive factors of SCT
Bandura et al - aggression in children, Bobo doll, children who observed the aggressive models were significantly more aggressive. They paid attention to the model, remembered the behavior of the model, were intentionally frustrated to create motivation for carrying out the behavior, and had the self confidence and potential to be aggressive.
Joy, Kimball and Zabrack - After the introduction of TV to isolated areas, children showed higher levels of aggression. They paid attention to the TV model, remembered the behavior of the model, were motivated to imitate the models because they were glamorized on TV, and had the self confidence and potential to be aggressive.
Enculturation
Enculturation, direct tuition, observational learning, participatory learning, SCT
Odden and Rochat - The cultural norms weren't tuaght directly, but rather learned through active observation by the children of the adults in the community, showing how children are able to learn their own culture by being surrounded by it.
Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack - After the introduction of TV to isolated areas, children showed higher levels of aggression. They learned aggression through TV violence, even though they weren't directly taught it.
Norms (SAQ only)
Enculturation, direct tuition, observational learning, participatory learning, SCT
Odden and Rochat - The cultural norms weren't tuaght directly, but rather learned through active observation by the children of the adults in the community, showing how children are able to learn their own culture by being surrounded by it.
Culture influence on behavior
Conformity, individualism and collectivism, cultural dimensions
Cousins - Japanese student demonstrated the importance of interconnection and relationships in collectivist cultures, while American students demonstrated independent individualist culture. This shows how the culture can have an affect on social concept/identity.
Berry - The Temne (collectivist) had a higher rate of conformity, while the Inuits (individualist) had a very low rate of conformity. The cultural dimension, which was based on their economy, played a more significant role in an individual's level of conformity than their current relationship with that cultural identity
Cultural groups (SAQ only)
Conformity, individualism and collectivism, cultural dimensions
Berry - The Temne (collectivist) had a higher rate of conformity, while the Inuits (individualist) had a very low rate of conformity. The cultural dimension, which was based on their economy, played a more significant role in an individual's level of conformity than their current relationship with that cultural identity
Cultural dimensions
Cultural dimensions, individualism vs. collectivism
Cousins - Japanese student demonstrated the importance of interconnection and relationships in collectivist cultures, while American students demonstrated independent individualist culture. This shows how the culture can have an affect on social concept/identity.
Berry - The Temne (collectivist) had a higher rate of conformity, while the Inuits (individualist) had a very low rate of conformity. The cultural dimension, which was based on their economy, played a more significant role in an individual's level of conformity than their current relationship with that cultural identity
Acculturation
acculturation, Berry's acculturation model, acculturation gaps, acculturative stress, assimilation, integration, marginilization, separation
Miranda and Matheny - Immigrants with effective coping strategies, good proficiency, and strong family structure were less likely to experience acculturative stress. This shows how there are some factors that decrease acculturative and mental stress
Leuck and Wilson - A bilungual language preference, shared family values and beliefs, satisfaction with economic prospects contributed to lower acculturative stress because they're able to build up networks of support within and outside their community
Assimilation (SAQ only)
acculturation, Berry's acculturation model, acculturation gaps, acculturative stress
Leuck and Wilson - A bilungual language preference, shared family values and beliefs, satisfaction with economic prospects contributed to lower acculturative stress because they're able to build up networks of support within and outside their community. Assimilation caused stress
Research methods: individual and group
Abrams et al - true lab experiment, IV - major of confederate, DV - choice to conform, low ecological validity
Joy Kimball and Zabrack - natural experiment, research began just before the introduction of TV to document the levels of aggression in children before and after TV
Research methods: culture
Cousins - questionnaire, participants answered survey questions, demonstrated the effects of collectivism and individualism on behavior, eailuy replicated, cannot establish cause and effect, rich data
Berry - quasi, IV not manipulated, IV - dimension of culture, DV - level of conformity, cause and effect of culture on conformity
Ethics; individual and group
Bandura et al - Protection from harm - possible issue with lingering effects from children watching violent behavior of adults, Consent forms - parents had to provide consent for their children
Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack- Consent - observing children on playground, confidentiality - didn't even reveal town name
Ethics: culture
Berry - Deception - The researchers told the participants the choices of others from their group to motivate them to conform and debriefing the point of study to assure participants that they aren't insane if they conformed
Leuck and Wilson - Anonymity - participants may have not answered correctly if their identity was revealed, as they might not want to reveal that they experienced negative treatment or that they experienced acculturative stress, right to withdraw - participants may be placed under stress from talking about their experiences in the new country and might feel like they don't want to reveal that information anymore
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