A&P Ch. 2: Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

Anatomy

studies the form and structure of the body

Form and function are…

interrelated

Function

always reflects structure

Homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment; a dynamic state of equilibrium

Vivisection

Furthered knowledge of anatomy

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

study of large, visible structures; regional, systematic, surface, deep, comparative

Microscopic anatomy

cytology (microscopic study of cells) and histology (microscopic study of tissues)

Physiology

Examines the function of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level

Subdisciplines of Physiology

Cardiovascular, neurophysiology, respiratory, reproductive, pathophysiology

Cardiovascular

heart, blood vessels, blood

Neurophysiology

nerves and nervous system organs

Respiratory

respiratory organs

Reproductive

reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Pathophysiology

body system during disease or injury to the system

Characteristics of anatomic position

upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides of the body, palms face anteriorly, head is level, eyes looks forwards

Section

slice that exposes internal anatomy

Plane

imaginary flat surface passing through body; coronal (frontal), transverse, midsagittal, sagittal, oblique

Anterior

in front of (ventral)

Posterior

back of body/behind (dorsal)

Superior

Inferior

Medial

toward middle of body

Lateral

away from midline

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

further from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Bilateral

2 sided; Affecting both sides equally. We are bilaterally symmetrical

Ipsilateral

Located on same side of body, right and left leg

Contralateral

on opposite side, right arm and left leg (OR right arm and left arm)

Superficial

toward the body’s surface (external)

Deep

away from body’s surface (internal)

Axial

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular

upper and lower limbs

Dorsal (posterior) cavity

completely encased in bone

Ventral Cavity

larger than posterior cavity, anteriorly placed in the body

The ventral cavity is partitioned into a…

superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with…

2 layers of serous membranes

Parietal layer

lines internal surface of body wall

Visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

Serous cavity

space between membranes

Serous fluid

liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane

Serosa

thin, double-layered membrane, lines walls of ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of organs

Visceral serosa

covers organs

Parietal serosa

lines cavity walls

Pleurisy/Peritonitis

Causes roughening of pleurae or peritoneum causes organs to stick together and drag across are another — very painful

Clinical views of normal ranges for body temperature

98.6

Clinical views of normal ranges for blood glucose

80-110 mg/dL

Clinical views of normal ranges for blood pressure

90-120/60-80 mmHg

Receptor

monitors environment, responds to stimuli

Control center

determines set point and appropriate response

Effector

receives output from control center; response either negative feedback or positive feedback

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants