Theme B Lesson 4 Quiz Review

Organelle’s

Tiny organs within a cell, each with a specific job to do

Membrane bound organelle’s

Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleus

Why does the nucleus need D.M?

Contains cells genetic material, needs to be protected

Why does the chloroplast need D.M?

Protects specialized pigments and enzymes involved in the process of photosynthesis

Why does the mitochondria need D.M?

Allows for creation of a gradient, generating ATP

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Energy production and photosynthesis

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cell that can divide and differentiate into various types of cells in the body

Totipotent

Can create a whole new organism

Pluripotent

Can become any cell and are used to build a new life form, “eumbroyic stem cells”

Multipotent

Limited in what kind of cell they can form, partially differentiated already, “adult stem cells”

Induced pluripotent

An adult stem cell that was de-aged back into pluripotency

Xylem

Composed of stacked, tubular cells that form a hollow pipe from root to leaf

Through what process does the xylem transport water?

Capillary action

Explain the process of capillary action

Water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem (adhesion) and each other (cohesion) , forming a chain that help transport water from the roots to the leaves of the plant. Like a little water elevator

Lignin

The xylem is reinforced with lignin to prevent tube collapse and support the stem.

Transpiration pull

As water evaporates from the leaves, it creates a negative pressure, causing more water to be drawn up from the roots to replace it. This continuous flow of water molecules helps transport nutrients and maintain the plant's structure.

Phloem

Living tissue responsible for transporting sap in plants

What is the phloem made up of?

Conducting cells called sieve tube elements, and specialized companion cells that help in pumping materials and maintaining the elements

In the source, what is formed, and what does it convert to?

Glucose is produced and converted into sucrose for transport

What happens to the sucrose after it’s been formed?

Sucrose transports into companion cell via sucrose-hydrogen co-transport proteins, then unloaded in the sink where it either becomes metabolized or stored

Describe process of translocation

Sucrose is actively transported into the companion cells at the source, creating a hypertonic region that causes water to flow back into the phloem, increasing pressure. The sucrose is then moved into the sink, where it is either metabolized or stored, creating a hypotonic region that leads to water moving back to the xylem. This process generates a pressure gradient from source to sink, pushing the sap along at an average velocity of 1 m/hour. This pressure-flow mechanism drives the movement of sugars in plants.

What is the function of arteries?

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

What is the function of veins?

return deoxygenated blood back to the heart

What is the function of capillaries?

facilitate exchange of substances between blood and tissues

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream, help in immune response by transporting white blood cells, and absorb fats from the digestive system

Circulatory system in humans

responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. has a closed loop with the heart as the central pump. circulatory system has arteries, veins, and capillaries

Lymphatic system

involved in maintaining fluid balance, fighting infections, and absorbing fats. lymphatic system is a one-way system with lymph nodes and vessels. lymphatic system has lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid.

Features of gas exchange surfaces

• permeable

• large surface area

• moist

• thin

Features of process of ventilation in humans

lung volume changes altering pressure, resulting in air moving in and out of the lungs, and the exchange of gases to maintain high oxygen and low carbon dioxide concentrations. Ventilation ensures efficient gas exchange by rapidly exchanging air to keep the concentration gradient optimal

Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

When a muscle contracts, myosin heads attach to actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle to shorten. This process requires ATP for energy