Unit 7 Lab

Angiosperms are what regarding diversity and lineage

most diverse plant group and most recent lineage

phylum of angiosperms

anthophyta

anthophyta includes what kind of plants

fruits flowers and eudicots and monocots

dominant generation of angiosperms

sporophtye with micro gametophyte

angiosperm integument compared to gymnosperms

2 instead of one

how are monocot and eudicot flowers differentiated

monocot: flower parts in 3s

eudicot: flower parts in 4 or 5s

angiosperms rely on what for pollination

animals compared to wind

4 main leaves of the flower

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

what are the green leaves at the base of the flower on the stem and what they do

sepals

protect the developing flower bud

what are all sepals together called

calyx

what are the colored parts of flowers and what they do

petals

bright colored to attract pollinators

what are all petals called

corolla

what are the sterile parts of the flower (dont produce sex cells)

calyx and corolla

calyx and corolla together are called

perianth

what are the fertile organs of the flower and what are they classified as

stamen and carpel (pistil)

sporophylls

structures of the stamen

stalk: filament

sac on top: anther

what happens at the anther

microspores are produced and mature into pollen

pollen contains what

male gametophyte

some plants have what on the anther

anther cap - protects when developing

parts of the carpel/pistil

stima: sticky tip that receives pollen

style: connects stigma to ovary

ovary: contains ovules

ovary matures into what after fertilizaotin

fruit

fruit does what for seeds

aids in dispersal

everything outside the seed is called what

pericarp

parts of the pericarp

exocarp: skin
mesocarp: all the meat
endocarp: boundary around the seed

parts of seeds and their gene count in angiosperms

seed coat (2n
food supply (3n
embryo (2n

how does double fertilization work in angiosperms

1 sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei → becomes triploid endosperm
other sperm goes to egg for embryo

what is the endosperm

what is the equivalent in some other plant species

stores carbs and nutrients for the growing embryo

cotyledons

of seed development

zygote initially divides asymmetrically, what is the large cell of this division and what does it produce

basal cell - produces suspensor group of cells that anchors embryo to parent

of seed development

zygote initially divides asymmetrically, what is the smaller cell and what i tdo

terminal cell - divides and forms the proembryo

what is the proembryo and what are its stages of growth

grows, goes through globular stage, then heart stage, then torpedo stage, then curled cotyledon stage

monocot vs eudicots for endosperm

mono: endosperm remains as cotyledon form

eudi: endosperm completely consumed by developing cotyledons

parts of the emrbyo inside the seed

radicle, hypocotyl, shoot meristem, two cotyledons

what is the radicle

the developing root

what is the hypocotyl

area that forms below cotyledons but above the root

what happens to the seed at maturation

dehydrates and embryo goes dormant until ready to germinate

why are eudicot seeds easy to split in half

bc 2 cotyledons - each half is a cotyledon

of eudicot seed

the embryo inside consists of a root called what

radicle

of eudicot seed

region below the cotyledon attachment is called

above this region is what
above that is what

hypocotyl

epicotyl - where cotyledons are attached

first leaves

of eudicot seed

which structures make up the embryo

first leaves, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle

of monocot seeds

how many cotyledons are produced

1 unlike eudicots (2)

of monocot seeds

unlike eudicots, what happens to the endosperm
how can you observe it

retained

contains carbs to use after germination → iodine which turns dark and black with starch

of monocot seeds

what is the protective covering of the seeds

coleoptile - protects embryonic shoots and roots as they push through soil

seeds remain dormant until when

begin to germinate with water uptake

what happens when seeds start water uptake

swell, seed coat cracks open, embryo grows

first structure to emerge from seed

of both mono and eudi: radicle

difference between eudi and monocots after radicle emergence

eudi: after radicle anchors seed, hypocotyl forms, as that straightens cotyledons are pulled above ground then separate, then first leaves form and photosynth as cotyledon nutrients are used and become shriveled

mono: after radical anchors seed, coleoptile pushes through soil into the air, then first leaves emerge and photosynth

monocot eudicot root microanatomy

mono: ring of vascular tissue
eudi: star shaped vasc

mono eudi stem microanatomy

mono: scattered vasc tissue
eudi: ring of vasc bundles

mono eudi leave microanatomy

mono: 1 type of mesophyll
eudi: 2 mesophyll layers

of roots

protected by what

epidermis: dermal cells

of roots

what is below epidermis

cortex: ground tissue of parenchyma cells, any ground tissue found outside vascular tissue

of roots

deepest layer of ground tissue

endodermis - single layer of cells, barrier between vasc and cortex

of roots

vasc tissue is arranged in cylinder, they are surrounded by what

pericycle: outer layer of cells

of roots

what is ground tissue found inside vascular tissue

pith

of roots

what makes up vascular cylinder and what is its other name

stele
pericycle, xylem/phloem, sometimes pith

of roots

what is the root nodule

some roots form symbiotic relations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

the nodule is the bacteria
theyre able to fix N gas from air into ammonia which is used by plant to build molecules (DNA ATP Vitamins)

of stems

outer layer of cells

epidermis - single layer

of stems

layer outside the epidermis

cuticle - prevents water loss

of stems

ground tissue is made of what

mostly parenchyma but can be strengthened by collenchyma and sclerenchyma

of stems

how is vascular tissue arranged

vascular bundles - phloem is external , xylem is found interior in the bundle

of stems

monocots vs eudicot vascular bundle arrangement

monocot: scattered bundles, ground tissue not differentiated into pith or cortex

eudicot: denser bundles arranged in ring, ground tissue external to bundles is cortex, tissue internal to bundles is pith

primary and secondary growth of meristems

apical: taller or longer
lateral: girthier stems and roots, also makes bark/wood (common in eudicots rare in mono)

what kind of growth do twigs show

primary and secondary

tip of growing twig has what and is surrounded by what

apical bud (meristematic tissue)

bud scales - protection

for the twig, what happens each spring

apical bud sheds scales and grows outwards

remnants of budscales from previous years

bud scale scars

how to tell age of twig

one year is distance between apical buds and bud scars

on sides of twigs, may develop itno branch or lateral shoot

axillary bud

spot where leaf fell off from on twig branch

leaf scar

what feature of stems allow gas exchange

lenticel

what is the bark composed of

cork, cork cambium, phloem tissue

what is wood composed of

vascular cambium and secondary xylem

what is early wood

secondary xylem produced that has thin walls and large diameter

what is late wood

secondary xylem produced later in the year with thicker walls and thin diameter

what are growth rings

boundary between last year’s late wood and new year’s early wood

layers of both mono and eudicot leaves

cuticle epidermis (with guard cells and stomata) mesophyll (with parenchyma) vascular tissue

what surrounds vascular tissue of leaves

bundle sheath

difference between monocot and eudicot leaves

mono: single type of mesophyll cells

eudicot: two types

types of mesophyll in eudicot leaves

palisade mesophyll: upper surface of leaf
spongy mesophyll: bottom surface of leaf, has more air pockets

is peanut monocot or eudicot

eudicot

2 halves are cotyledons

is corn monocot or eudicot

monocot

single cotyledon