Other STIs (bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic)

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35 Terms

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Sexually transmitted HPV infections are common and often asymptomatic, untreated cases in women are the main cause of cervical cancer

- sexually transmitted virus that causes cancer

- More than 100 types of HPV have been found so far

- 15 have been identified as putting women at high risk for cervical cancer

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how Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancer

1. Virus in the cervix enters cells through micro-abrasions, Infects cells

2. Several weeks later, HPV replicates. Infection spreads. 90 percent of cases heal within 2 years

3. 10 to 30 years later, 0.8 percent of cases develop cancer. HPV invades deeper layers of tissues and turns cancerous

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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

A recurring viral STD that produces painful genital lesions

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Two strains of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) exist

Type I (HSV I) represents 5-10% of genital herpes lesions; it primarily causes oral-labial lesions and resides in the trigeminal ganglion

Type 2 (HSV 2) causes 90-95% of all genital herpes lesions; it lives in sacral dorsal root ganglia.

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Type 1 vs. Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus

The difference between the two types of HSV is in their site of preference. HSV-1 is usually found in the trigeminal ganglion, a collection of nerve cells near the ear. From there, it appears on the lower lip or face. HSV-2 is found in the sacral ganglion at the base of the spine and tends to reoccur in the genital area.

Most people are not aware that both types can be spread to the genitals and therefore cause the idea that one is worse than the other, when in fact they are very similar.

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Pathogenesis of HSV 2 or Genital herpes infection

Primary infection occurs when HSV-2 infects epithelial cells covering the mucosa.

The virus then migrates to the nearest ganglion (sacral ganglia) via neurons where it replicates and establish latency for life.

Once its reactivated, it travels back through neurons to the site of the primary infection and causes recurrent infection.

Once the virus enters the human body it remains for life (latency)

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Syphilis (sexually transmitted disease)

Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidium

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primary stage 1, secondary stage 2, and tertiary stage 3

syphilis has 3 stages:

Primary stage 1 and secondary stage 2 are curable

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sore that occurs 3 to 90 days after exposure to syphilis

primary stage 1:

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body rash that occurs 4 to 10 weeks after initial infection

secondary stage 2:

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affects internal organs 3 to 15 years after initial infection

tertiary stage 3:

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Treponema pallidum

bacterium that causes syphilis

gram-negative bacterium

spirochete (spiral shape)

moves using parts called endoflagella (these are protein filaments located inside its body that help it twist and move)

it needs a host to survive and uses the host's energy, which means it’s an obligate parasite

It usually enters through the skin or mucous membranes.

Common entry sites include the external genitalia and the mouth

<p>bacterium that causes syphilis</p><p>gram-negative bacterium</p><p>spirochete (spiral shape)</p><p>moves using parts called endoflagella (these are protein filaments located inside its body that help it twist and move)</p><p>it needs a host to survive and uses the host's energy, which means it’s an obligate parasite</p><p>It usually enters through the skin or mucous membranes.</p><p>Common entry sites include the external genitalia and the mouth</p>
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how antibiotic resistance happens

1. Lots of bacteria, and some are drug-resistant

2. Antibiotics kill the bacteria causing the illness, as well as the good bacteria protecting the body from infection

3. The drug-resistant bacteria are now able to grow and take over

4. Some bacteria give their drug resistance to other bacteria

<p>1. Lots of bacteria, and some are drug-resistant</p><p>2. Antibiotics kill the bacteria causing the illness, as well as the good bacteria protecting the body from infection</p><p>3. The drug-resistant bacteria are now able to grow and take over</p><p>4. Some bacteria give their drug resistance to other bacteria</p>
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Chlamydia

Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) is generally done simultaneously as the two organisms have similar clinical presentations. A definitive diagnosis is important since the symptoms of chlamydia can resemble those of gonorrhea, and the two infections require different antibiotic treatment

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Doxycycline 100 MG orally twice daily for 7 days

treatment for chlamydia:

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ceftriaxone 500 MG IM once

treatment for gonorrhea:

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Chlamydia general characteristics

Gram-negative obligate intracellular organism

Non-motile

Observed in cell culture under a microscope

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Chlamydia unique development cycle

1. Replicate within the host cell, forming inclusion bodies

2. Differ from viruses, have both DNA and RNA

3. The cell wall is similar in structure to Gram-negative bacteria

4. Restricted metabolic activity-reactions do not produce energy but use ATP produced by the host cell. "energy parasites"

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Chlamydia trachomatis, STD pathogen meaning it causes STDS in humans

chlamydia includes:

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Chlamydia trachomatis diseases

Trachoma -An eye infection that can lead to blindness if untreated

Inclusion conjunctivitis -Another eye infection, often seen in newborns or adults exposed to the bacteria

Lymphogranuloma venereum or LGV -A sexually transmitted infection that affects the lymph nodes; it's less common in the U.S

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease or PID -A serious infection of the female reproductive organs, caused by Chlamydia spreading upward from the cervix

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Life Cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis

1. enters a susceptible host cell as an elemental (or elementary) body

2. prevents phagocytosis due to the rigid membrane

3. reorganizes into a reticulate body rich in RNA

4. begins to divide (binary fission)

5. Transform back into an elemental body

6. Elemental bodies emerge from the cell

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In a pap smear from a woman's cervix, Chlamydia infected cells appear pink while uninfected cells appear blue upon staining with a dye

what does the image tell us?

<p>what does the image tell us?</p>
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Chlamydia

The most commonly reported bacterial STI in the U.S.

Caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia is very similar to Gonorrhea in its symptoms and pattern of transmission

Women and men infected with chlamydia do not have any symptoms and may not be aware that they have the infection

Chlamydia infection can cause permanent damage to the fallopian tubes in a woman and can lead to future infertility and an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy

Chlamydia infection during pregnancy also increases a woman's risk of preterm labor

Infected mother can pass the infection to baby during vaginal birth. The most common complications of chlamydia acquired through the birth canal are eye damage and pneumonia in the newborn

Symptoms of Chlamydia infection can include vaginal and penal discharges as well as abdominal pain and pain during micturition (UTI symptoms)

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penile discharge, burning or painful sensation, and testicular swelling

Chlamydia symptoms in men:

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vaginal discharge, burning or painful sensation, and bleeding between periods

Chlamydia symptoms in women:

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1 in 8 women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease experience difficulties getting pregnant

Untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is a serious condition in women:

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Trachoma

Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes

It's contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, nose, or throat secretions of infected people, and handkerchiefs

Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide.

Most blinding trachoma occurs in poor areas of Africa.

<p>Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes</p><p>It's contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, nose, or throat secretions of infected people, and handkerchiefs</p><p>Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide.</p><p>Most blinding trachoma occurs in poor areas of Africa.</p>
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Inclusion conjuctivitis

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis. It's a follicular trachomatis

In most instances, adult inclusion conjunctivitis results from sexual contact with a person who has a genital infection

Rarely, adult inclusion conjunctivitis is acquired from contaminated, incompletely chlorinated swimming pool water

Conjunctival scraping determines whether chlamydia is present in cells taken from the conjunctiva

<p>Adult inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis. It's a follicular trachomatis</p><p>In most instances, adult inclusion conjunctivitis results from sexual contact with a person who has a genital infection</p><p>Rarely, adult inclusion conjunctivitis is acquired from contaminated, incompletely chlorinated swimming pool water</p><p>Conjunctival scraping determines whether chlamydia is present in cells taken from the conjunctiva</p>
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Trichomoniasis (or "trich")

is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.

<p>is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.</p>
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Parts of Trichomonas vaginalis

Includes the Nucleus, cytostome, flagellum, Axostyle (a stiff structure that gives the parasite support and helps it attach to surfaces), and Undulating membrane (A wavy edge of the parasite that also helps it move through fluids)

<p>Includes the Nucleus, cytostome, flagellum, Axostyle (a stiff structure that gives the parasite support and helps it attach to surfaces), and Undulating membrane (A wavy edge of the parasite that also helps it move through fluids)</p>
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Trichomonas vaginalis Life Cycle

1. Trophozoite stage in fluids

The parasite, called a trophozoite, lives in vaginal or prostate fluids and urine.

This is the diagnostic stage, meaning this is what doctors look for in lab tests.

2. Multiplication

The trophozoite multiplies by splitting in half (called longitudinal binary fission).

3. Transmission to a new host

The trophozoite moves into the vagina or urethra of a sexual partner during intercourse.

This is the infective stage, the stage that spreads the infection.

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discharge from the urethra, burning during urination or after ejaculation, and urge to urinate frequently

Trichomoniasis symptoms in men:

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grey or yellowish vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding, genital burning, genital swelling, frequent urge to urinate, and pain during sex

Trichomoniasis symptoms in women:

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chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

bacteria STIs are:

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HPV and herpes

viral STIs are: