history midterm

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Because of Columbus, Spain now has a commitment to support others who will go westward in effort to explore and take control of their findings. He did not become rich from his discoveries.

Vasco de Balboa

First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513.
He crossed Panama by foot and sees the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world.
Magellan was killed due to conflict with the indigenous people in the Philippines. He died in 1521.
Expedition continues in two ships, only one makes it back to Spain in 1522.

Cortes and Pizarro

They also went by the name of conquistadors.
Given authority to claim and conquer what they find for Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547).
- He went to Cuba
- had modest success, grander ideas for himself
- Headed the third expedition to the mainland. Appointed by the governor Cuba. Controlled beginnings of the Spanish Empire.
- He agreed to fund a good portion of the costs of this expedition, hence why he received the appointment.

What is a mestizo?

Someone with pure Spanish blood but also with someone with native blood, they cannot rise to the position of government official because of their mixed race.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Some of these exchanges are intentional and unintentional.

Introduction of these decimated the population of the native people.

Some Europeans, once they saw what these illnesses had done to people - would use that as a sick, twisted tactic to gain control over certain areas.

Can't say for sure whether the spread of disease was intentional or not. At first, they were unintentional.

John Cabot (Italian)

- An Italian who was sailing for the English flag
- He made two trips, once in two different years, 1497 and 1498
In the first effort, landed on northern coast of Canada, him, his single ship and eighteen men returned.
- Next year, five ships and three hundred men were given permission to head out again. No clear evidence that these ships succeeded. There's been some unclear, for sure evidence that suggests Cabot was back in England in the 1500s.
- Did not find anything that England found that valuable.

Jacques Cartier (France)

QUIZLET DEFINITON: French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

NOTES:
He went out under the French government and ended up in Canada within the St. Lawrence River and explored the interior of Canada.

First permanent settlement not until 1608 in Quebec. There will be a small foot, only a trading presence and not a colonizing presence.

Sir Walter Raleigh (England) --\> "Lost Colony of Roanoke"

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas.

1585- He touches down on Carolina coast and leaves nothing behind
1587 - He leaves one hundred and seventeen people behind

The problem is resupplying the colony of one hundred and seventeen, cannot come back for three years and when he returns, all remnants of the colony are lost.

They have no idea what happened to this colony. They could have been attacked and killed. They could have all died. Did they move to the interior to survive?

It is referred to as the "lost" colony of Roanoke, North Carolina. 1587-90

No permanent colony was established on the northern coast of North America by England in 1587.

joint-stock company

- Royal grant to company of shareholders
- The crown claims the land, so they give people a charter- claim the land and reap the benefits
- The person who gets the land and or a business can gain a grant, they can sell shares in the company- regular people will purchase the shares. They'll get profit. You can invest and recruit in the companies.
- Generated interest and people to partake in colonization.

Charles I

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

He does not like radical reformers
He sees himself as the head of the Church of England
Does not feel he needs to ask Parliament for tax revenue.
This problem leads to civil war.

Mary and William

-Mary was the daughter of King James II... after parliament deposed him, they invited her and her husband (William) to assume to throne; the resulting arrangement provided that kings would rule in cooperation w/ parliament- guaranteed nobles, merchants, and other constituencies would enjoy representation in gov't affairs

James chickens out and leaves without any fight. It was a bloodless war and ended up creating peace and William admits the monarchy is more limited than before.

English Toleration Act 1689

This act allowed toleration for all English Protestants who pledged the oath of Allegiance and Supremacy to the monarch/Church. In New England, the act upset strict Puritan guidelines and also informed the atmosphere leading up to the Salem Witch Trials.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

In short: parliamentary dominance, limited monarchy, king now has a limited power role.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia. The first attempt was the "Lost Colony".

- Jamestown struggles mightily, and many didn't think it would have succeeded.
- Profit venture, people agree to buy in and travel for this settlement.
- These people come with a poor idea of what it takes to survive, they are not farmers, with no resources back in England with hardly any skill.
- Disease ridden location, hot temperatures, hardly any food, and the first settlements- many didn't survive
- Jamestown is saved by tobacco in 1612.

Slavery in the Americas

- 1619 slavery arrives through Spanish and Portuguese
- Mid-17th •Indentured servitude 17th
•Freedom rights/Head rights
- By the 18th century slavery legally recognized throughout the colonies
•Field labor for tobacco
•Status defined by race
- It was associated with dark skin and carries across generations. If there are children, they are born into slavery.

Southern Plantation Model

- Owner has power of community, non-landowners and those he controlled, including the indentured and slaves.
- They controlled females. They had no political rights, they owned nothing - all in the name of a male. They were either daughters or wives. Women as weak, need protection, ornamental.
- Isolated plantations concerned the labor supply.
- Public: small elite of largest landowners
- Private: absolute male heads of household

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619.

- It was made up of the twelve wealthiest landowners.
- It passes regulations and makes laws for Virginia.
- This will be copied by all other colonies. Representative government. It is the model for all other colonies, and other colonies will be broader with who can be in it.

OUTCOME -\> The crown will see the profitability and cancel the Virginia company ownership of Virginia and make it a royal colony under the King. The King's representative and the representatives of the colony will come together.

Royal Colonies

Subject directly to the crown in policy AND local matters.
The Crown appoints the governor as its direct representative. More tightly connected to the crown, there are no middlemen. They are more involved in the affairs of colonies where they are royal colonies.

Proprietary Colonies

Governing authority granted to individual or corporation. Indirectly subject to the crown.
Local authority vested in grant holders.
Crown policy must be followed.

Pocahontas 1660s

- Illustrated English attitudes about natives over time. They must be physically moved away, or they must assimilate.
- Daughter of the chiefdom.
- She was held hostage by the English. She converts to Christianity, learns English and marries an Englishman.
- Representative of the idea of assimilation.
- Her name is changed to Elizabeth.
- You only see the rendition of when she was in England. The only true painting, there is only one which was painted when she visited England with her son.
- She got smallpox in England before she could return home.
- Interesting for what she tells us about the interactions between English and Indian tribes.

Congregational Church Model

Majority will be congregational models, communities of churches, each community forms their own congregational church.

Leadership is all male, in charge of running the town, this is how the power structure model evolves.

They came there to be free in a narrow, specific way- free to follow this specific version of Christianity. There were no outside distractions and competitive religious denominations.

Nothern Model

Homogeneous - mostly white → everyone is exactly on the same page.
Hierarchical - prominent families owned best land and inequality was God's will.

The people living in this model are close together in which they are making sure they are all doing the same thing.

Plymouth Colony 1620

Small colony founded by the Pilgrims that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay.

- Most extreme in Calvinist doctrines. They were worried about outside influences; they did not think the Netherlands were sufficient therefore lost their seriousness of religious purpose and wanted someplace for them to control. They did not come with many people at once. Pilgrims.
- They set a President before the disembark for the county.
- This colony grows slowly.
- In 1630, the Massachusetts colony will compete with Plymouth and gain more settlers.
- Plymouth would be eventually taken by Massachusetts Bay.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

An agreement by all of those travelers to abide by the same authority. Both a social contract to agree to get along and a contract with God, must work together to survive for god's glory.

CONNECTED WITH --\> PLYMOUTH COLONY CARD

Massachusetts Bay 1630

King Charles gave the Puritans from England a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area.

Within ten years there were twenty-thousand people in Massachusetts. In comparison to Virginia, the population explodes.

Driven by the idea that this place is blank, they can make it perfect.

Frontier breaks things down. There are movements and compromises made, naturally that something does not translate perfectly. Establishing something in a different environment does not mean it will be the same.

There were conflicts involving religious failure in part of some in the community.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne was a midwife, delivered children and cared for the sick, something women could do this thing as an occupation.

She talked about the bible and theological questions among themselves. Invited women to her home to have these chats, and people coming to her house began to be men and women.

Brought before two groups of authorities, the men who ran the church and the men who ran the politics in her town, argued that she had broken the rules of the church and if she did that, she forfeited her right to be citizen of that town. They believed men should only talk about those things and claim that she has been acting like a man and doing things husbands were supposed to do.

Her husband and her family were excommunicated from there and had to leave the community. Roger Williams took up residence in Rhode Island, short term haven for the Hutchinsons.
She is pregnant and delivers the child in Rhode Island, her child does not survive. That was her punishment for doing those things in Massachusetts, the leaders told people that that was her punishment.

Attacked by Natives when they traveled to New York, and they were all massacred.

What did the Salem Witch trial show?

It shows the fear of failure amongst the early settlers, so much that their struggles were because the devil interfered.

What happened if you were accused of being a witch during the Salem Witch Trials?

If you are accused of being a witch and confess, no punishment. No jail-time if you can prove someone else bewitched you.

If you stick to your guns and be fond of witchcraft, if you do not repent then there are hangings and burnings.

What caused hysteria in Salem and eventually led Puritans to return to a devout and hardworking lifestyle?

Salem Witch Trials

Spectral Evidence at Salem

a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. Isn't supposed to be accepted in court.

People would use spectral evidence to accuse others of being witches, stating that they would "see the devil" behind them and things along those lines.

Rhode Island Colony

- Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay for religious violations.
- He was given Rhode Island.
- Downplayed theocracy

Connecticut Colony (1636)

- Contested terrain between Dutch, England and Natives
Natives exterminated through warfare.
- The terrain will be English because of their large number of settlers
- Settled by Thomas Hooker in 1636
- It became a royal colony in 1662.

New Hampshire Colony

- John Wheelwright settled New Hampshire, a relative of the Hutinschon family, also expelled
- Settled in 1638. It became a royal colony in 1679.
- Everyone who comes with him agrees to a compact, agreeing to the rules they set up. Exeter Compact.
- Becomes a royal colony, but does not get charter

English and Native Americans

- They are not interested in assimilation or partnership. They are interested in controlling the space.
- The demand for uniformity will not allow for anyone else.
- To remove Native Americans physically and culturally. There will be no Natives in their area. They force the physical move of the Indian occupiers. Numbers that force resettlement and there are wars, and result in colonial triumph. Result in removement of large native tribes.
- Powhatan Rebellion (1622-44) ends in Indian defeat
- The English would demand assimilation, conversion to Christianity and be forced to leave behind everything. Conversion to Protestantism.

Spanish and Native Americans

- Used the Native tribes as labor instead of removing them, they exploited them
- Interested in conversion
- They were not there to use the land; they were there to take what they could take from it → trade
- They created partnerships with the tribes, who would help them track furs and trade
- Intermarrying to cement their trading partnerships

Bacon's Rebellion

It was a war to remove Native tribes.

There was a class and power struggle emerging in Virginia, an idea of who has a voice in the colony, who should they protect.

Interior of Virginia, the forest settlers live there. P
people who came later or indentured servants got land in the interior, which was unprotected by the colonial government.

Government did not care they were being attacked on the frontier. They could care less because they were making money by Indians tracking fur and trading with them. Refused to protect the population.

Governor protects aristocrats.

Nathaniel Bacon, aristocrat. Appeals to the poor people on the frontier and helps them fight the Indians. He builds a large force and helps them defeat the Indians. Bacon is seen as a hero. He takes military force and overthrows the government, attacks the capital and seizes power. He dies after taking the capitol.

England receives news. The current governor is arrested and disposed and a new one is sent so there not another attempt to overthrow the governor.

King Philip's War, 1675

The frontier is pushing back against further settlement,
They do a good job at first with raids, dominating native tribes because the English put together.
Half of natives die from warfare and about an eighth of the colony dies from warfare.

Henry Hudson

- Hired to explore to the west to see if there is anything profitable
- He discovers the Hudson River, which he named the North River. Shorter passage to the East.
- He goes upward the North River and goes upward to present-day Albany.
- Hudson is not involved in colony building
- He was killed off in Hudson's Bay while he was searching further North toward Canada.

West India Company (Dutch)

The government works with business emperies, they will join monopolies.

These companies are about extraction, finding what is valuable, extracting it and selling it on the open market.

They establish trading posts, send employees to act with the Natives. They had a small footprint.

Further settlement becomes necessary, because there needs to be an ability to feed company employees.

Encourages modest settlement, farming in order to feed the population. Agriculture in order to support trade.

Wealthy given land grants, they rented it out and had tenanted laborers do all the work.

Maryland Colony (1634)

- Usually listed as a Southern colony because of agriculture.
Maryland is never heavily into plantations. Not the same as Virginia and Carolinas in terms of powerful plantations.
- Diversity in population.
- Settled in a land grant from Charles the II to Cecil Calvert.
- They created a colony that was tolerant of all religions.
- Intended as a haven for Catholics, but in order to gain settlement- extended religious freedom and tolerance to all religions, including quakers.

Pennsylvania Colony

- Most diverse, intentionally.
- 1681 is when Charles II gave a land grant to William Penn, who was a Quaker. His father was a supporter of Charles II and had a debt to him which the King paid to William.
- He understood religious toleration more than anyone considering he was a part of the Quakers.
- 1682 is when Penn buys from Duke of York what becomes Delaware.
- Encouraged all kinds of economic activity like farms for substance, marketing, production of products to sell such as grain and livestock
- Port of Philadelphia, largest number of people in the colony in Philadelphia.
- He was a proprietor of this colony. He had tight control. They are open to lots of things aside from sharing control. Large, elected assembly with little power.

Quakerism

- Middle class, bottom up created religion.
- They practiced being completely egalitarian. Very egalitarian and pacifist. Can not swear loyalty to a King.
- The founders are George Fell and Marager Fell
- Men and Women are treated with equality
- Puritans were harsh to the Quakers. They would hang them if they came near Massachusetts.
- The Quakers had excellent relations with Natives, they would have no slaves and would make ammunition societies - societies dedicated to ending slavery.

Delaware Colony

-Smallest colony.
- It was claimed by Dutch and then Swedish settlers moved into this colony. The Dutch claimed it but couldn't hold onto the colony.
- Peter is moderately successful but loses it all when English comes in during 1664.
- Penn purchased the land that is Delaware in 1682. He wanted to give his people access to more water.
Sense of independence in this land resisted the leadership of the Penn family. They did not sanction, they controlled local assembly representation and made sure laws were passed to benefit the Penn family.
- 1701 - partly, allows them to have their own local assemblies, so the people in the Delaware portion can be independent every day, but big laws would still be a part of the Penn family.
Delaware sort of breaks away.
- The Penn family remained powerful until the American Revolution.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Long-term effects of the Navigation Acts

- Regularize stream of trade with England
- Colonies have very few local manufacturers. They have a role as consumers.
- There is no financial system.
- Must go through England for any financial transaction.
- There are agents to be their representatives in England for the people in the colonies.
- The number of people who are merchants, buying and selling- the middleman, grows slowly.
- England makes it difficult for a merchant class to develop
- Colonists value themselves based on land ownership than they do the dollar value. Land equals power. Land is a main determinant of wealth. Deciding who is important and powerful.

Leisler's Rebellion (1689-1691)

New York colony
Nine towns in the lower colony join together to form a government to replace James Dominion
Jacob Leisler is chosen as the Leader. He is a Dutch immigrants, successful businessman and member of Dutch Reformed Church.
Relatively effective tenure. He instituted a colonial assembly, reached out to neighboring colonies, assembled troops to protect north against Natives.

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Renewed attention to religion. It resulted in greater toleration and more variety. Revival of religions.

There were structural changes. An emphasis on local meetings from traveling clergies.

There were new sects, Baptists and Methodists. It was old lights vs. new lights, old religions versus the newer ones.

The personal commitment to religion is upgraded. It was not imposed, people actively chose. Shifted balance of authority more on the individual. There was a counter impersonal atmosphere.

What did the Great Awakening promote in America?

In America, it inspired a movement for broad based education. Colonies are much more literate than England.
Seventy percent of colonists will be able to read and write, a higher percentage than Europe. It was meant to produce the next generation of pastors.

COLLEGES:

Harvard and Yale: congregational
College of New Jersey: Presbyterian (Rutgers)
Philadelphia Academy: non-sectarian (University of Pennsylvania)
King's College: Anglican (Columbia University)

Ben Franklin Background

He is from Masscahates, exposed to the Puritan work ethic. Apprenticed to older brother to become a printer. There were a lot of printers in the colony at this point. He availed himself of mobility, he went to Philadelphia. He became a printer, and became the most successful printer. He made a lot of money, he would be able to retire from the business at a young age. Pursued passions in science and public service after retirement.

He is immersed in colonial politics. He gets a job as clerk of assembly and runs the mail in the colony of Philadelphia.

Known as one of the founding fathers. He became involved in government service while Pennyslavnia was still a colony. He will be one of the last pro-British colonists to shift his allegiance from pro british to pro colonial. In his governmental roles he was connected to England. He was a representative of colonies. He spent more time in England than America. He returned in 1775.

What are some things Ben Franklin did?

He was the author of the colonial defense plan during the French and Indian War.

He helps raise money to improve the colony's infrastructure. The government is not obliged to have fire protection. They would have to come together and fund for a firehouse.

He helps create a lending library for those who cannot get their own. Subscription, wealthy people come together to put in money for this library. Not government funded.

What are some thterm-88ings Ben Franklin invented?

Americans pursue science for practical gain, something that would be useful.

He invents a wooden stove. Franklin stove.
He did experiments with lighting. He invented lightning rods.
He invented bifocals.

Trial of John Peter Zenger (1735)

John Peter Zenger was a colonial publisher who criticized the governor of New York colony - was tried & acquitted because he was printing the truth, so it wasn't libel - established freedom of the press in the colonies.

This early American case established an important right of the freedom of press as well as the importance of the jury as a check on arbitrary government power.

What was the "frontier character" described as?

a rugged individual

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

Queen and the powers of Europe,
The allies will be Germans and Austrians against the English and French.
King of Spain dies without an heir and the next in succession is current King of France.
Anne goes into war to prevent this, fought entirely on European continent about balance of power.
They agreed to remain separate but one family rules, at the end of war the treaty of peace shifts colonial possessions around.
The King of France can rule Spain.
Anne receives territory in Canada, which is French control. Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay, Nova Scotia moved from French to English possession.
There was NO fighting in the colonies.
Areas in the world go from one power's control to another.

King George's War (1740-1748)

Also known as " The War of Austrian Succession".

Goes to war on behalf of the new Austrian queen.
The crown passed to a female.
France boarded onto the Austrians because they believed female rulers were weaker than males, attempting to take it over.
England defends Austria. England is victorious in helping the Queen to stay on her throne.

MAJOR DIFFERENCE:

Different from the prior wars.
THERE IS FIGHTING IN COLONIES.
English and French colonists are fighting, they are fighting over colonial possessions.
They were not happy that the peace treaty returned to France.

Albany Congress (1754)

June 1754. Held in Albany. Upstate.
There was a need to "sharpen" things.
Albany Plan was drafted by Ben Franklin
Grand Council: delegates from each colony
Seven out of the thirteen colonies showed. Ideas were turned down. They were rejected by all the colonial assemblies.

This showed that there was nothing to unify the colonies as colonies. There is no unified identity.
Ten years later there are unified strands that pull them together and push them to revolution.
But at this time, they do NOT work together.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

When did the French Ohio River Valley forts fall?

1758

When did Quebec fall?

1759

When did Montreal fall?

1760

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of North America. France lost territories in North American which were returned to England. All territory east of the Mississippi River, most of Canada, part of the West Indies goes to England.

France able to keep some of their colonies in the Caribbeans however there is increased English presence in those colonies.

England now controls the Natives that had lived in previous French territories.

Expectations after the French and Indian War

American Perspective: Americans are British citizens and are entitled to protection and participation in government, since they partnered with England in order to win.

British perspective: Americans owe them, since they incurred the debt to free them.
Obedience by virtue of Parliamentary Sovereignty (government in England legislates for all of England and her possessions) and
Virtual Representative (even if you do not have a member in parliament that you elected, you are virtually covered)

These different understandings about what the victory meant for each side ultimately led to the American Revolution.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
There was no civil government, no military protection as England could not afford to send soldiers at the time in those areas.
The crown has two Indian superintends, one in the North and one in the South.
This cut the colonists out of expansion in which they did not like and caused them to often disobey.

American Revenue Act 1763 (Sugar Act)

- Lowered duty on molasses
- Continued duty on sugar
- Added duties on wool and hides
- New tool: writs of assistance→ written thing of assistance, document that assists authorities in helping determine whether or not a colonist violated the laws, has the person's name on a piece of paper → colonists do not like this at all
- Allow general searches ANYWHERE.

Currency Act of 1764

Colonies cannot issue their own paper money.
No financial independence from England.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

The colonists would pay for them to be quartered and or have them live in their houses.

The troops would be in barracks, public houses and or stables.

Stamp Act of 1765

- Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies.
- Printer material MUST show a stamp purchased from British Authorities
- It is a new tax, internal tax on activity - not on trade on exporting and importing - the colonists are used to that type of taxation, but the stamp act was interface, internal to the colonies and not right in their eyes.
- For the colonists, this was the "last straw."

Stamp Act "riots"

- Anger explodes in the colonies
- The colonists tar and feather the tax collectors
- Ports and businesses closed.
- Tax collectors forced to resign
- Corpse of liberty paraded in the streets. Symbolic representation of their rights being taken away.
- This all happens BEFORE this tax comes into effect. The announcement causes this all to occur. Unplanned chaos in the streets.

1765 Stamp Act Congress

- They issue documents protesting the stamp act on behalf of the colonies
- This expression of organization amongst the colonies NEVER seen before. They had no interest roughly ten years ago in being together.
- 9 colonies, 27 delegates in NYC
- Extra-legal
- Challenge right to tax without consent and not right to regulate trade.

Sons of Liberty (1766)

- This was created by Samuel Adams and John Adams, Massachusetts
- Composed of groups of locals opposed to British action
- It was led by respectable tradesmen and merchants
- Their GOAL was to organize resistance to unfair parliament actions
- Lines of communication open across colonies. Committees of Correspondence. Their job to keep lines of communication across colonies opened.

When was the Stamp Act repealed?

March 1766

1766 Declaratory Act

1766 - On the same day it repealed the Stamp Act, the English Parliament passes the Declaratory Act stating that the British government has total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies in all cases whatsoever. "Power of parliament to bind colonies and people of American in all cases whatsoever."

1767 Townshend Acts

It was a tax or duty on imported items such as glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, and tea.

Tea was the breaking point in this operation for the colonists.

When was the Townshend Acts repealed with the exception of tea?

1770

1770 Boston Massacre

Colonists taunted British soldiers with snowballs, and the soldiers fired upon them. The dust clears and there are five colonists dead and or dying, six others injured including some of the guard.

The colonists are enraged that the British army has fired on them, Massachutes were paying for them to be there. They want satisfaction, they see this as British tyranny.

They are defended by John Adams, they deserve a fair representation → the soldiers in the firing, none are hanged, some were freed and some served prison time. Their trial was in December 1770. Trial was over two manslaughter convictions, acquittal for commanding officer.

1770-1773 "Quiet Period or "Sullen Silence"

- Continued economic abuses on both sides
- All they need is another spark to set the colonists off
- Smuggling and avoidance of Navigation Acts
- Customs Officers lining own pockets
- Often harassing wealthy like John Hancock
- Resistance led by Samuel Adams.
- Boston Massacre became a symbol of British Abuse. This period occurred after the Boston Massacre.

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party.

The British saw this as good for the economy and the colonists. It would save the East India Company from bankruptcy and England would give up her revenue.

The Americans interpreted this as forced monopolies and felt England had a disregard for the colonist's opinions.

Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

Colonists were upset at first being forced to pay taxes on tea, then forced to purchase tea from the British East India Tea Company. To protest, colonists dressed as Mohawks and dumped crates of tea into the Boston Harbor. There were ten-thousand pounds thrown overboard.

The Boston Governor keeps ships in Harbor.
He tells the Crown and tells them who had committed these acts.

Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts)

A series of laws passed by the British in 1774 in an attempt to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party:
1. closed Boston harbor
2. compensation was demanded
3. disallowed town meetings, limited government meetings
4. strict enforcement of the Quartering Act
5. British officials only to be tried in Britain, not in any colonies. No jury of colonists deciding the fate of the British official. They cannot trust the colonists to be fair and impartial.


The other colonies heard word of these laws, were sympathetic to Boston and Massachutes.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Occurred in September 1774
GOAL: how to force the crown to give up legislative power over colonies

- Petitions to England
- Complete Trade Embargo
- Intercolonial Association: shadows governments → not official governments, operating under radar and enforcing actions for the colonies.
- Endorse Suffolk Resolves. Militias for "war preparedness only". Colonies begin to organize separate colony militias, they have meetings and identify someone who would be a leader of the militia, a senior member of the community.

MAJORITY of colonists believe themselves as British citizens at this time, at an odd-intermediate period.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

- First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. Not formally separated from the British, but they are fighting with the British. Have not declared a revolution at this point. Not yet enough people to support a formal rebellion and formalization of separation.
- Overall, there were seventy-three British wounded and or killed, and forty-nine Americans. The British lost more lives than the Americans.

- Concord: Br. Burn Liberty pole → a symbol of resistance that colonists found, big poles which hold meetings around them, on the top there is a tri-color hat to represent colonial independence, crown oppression. They burn this pole, turn around and head back- the militias are ready for them at this point.

Prohibitory Acts, December 1775

It was set to punish the colonies and cut off all contact with the rest of the world.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

- May 1775
- Congress authorizes a Continental Army
- Appoints Washington Commander - he would have direct control of the army. The decision to raise a formal army apart from Militia.
- Unicameral operating system
- One colony equals one vote regardless of the number of delegates in the colony. They had one assembly of all the elected delegates, a colony could send a hundred delegates or one, but they still received one vote.
- High turnover each year (37-39%)
- Government by standing committees.
- The delegates got frustrated and decided not to stay, not the same people overseeing the war the whole time.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Last colonial offering of peace, colonies had offered loyalty and willingness to council; King George III ruled colonies in rebellion.

The King rebuffs Olive Branch Petition of July 1775 and declares the colonists in rebellion.
He did not believe they would return back to loyalty to them based on recent events.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense 1776

- Paine was an immigrant himself
- There were 150,000 copies - some are read aloud and shared, and others are sold. It was aimed at general public.
- The arguments he make do a lot to convince the public, and wavering delegates to indorse independence by the summer of 1776.
- He uses simple analogies, and clear that America has outgrown the monarchy and it is necessary to a maturing set of colonies to rebel. He is very clear where he stands.

King William's War (1689-1697)

European continent
When William and Mary came to England, they had the power over England and another colony, faced European conflict for over a decade, the war involved England and her rivals.

English colonists were at war with these other powers, no fighting outside Europe and no colonists serving, and no territory is affected.

What happened to Jacob Leisler?

- Power went to his head. People thought he was becoming a dictator.
- The Crown refused to appoint him and had him arrested. They claimed he committed treason. His Dutch identity was an issue for the colonists.

March 1691: Leisler was arrested, tried, convicted of treason and executed.

In 1692, his followers were pardoned.

The Crown had a system of political and systematic control after this point over them.

What stimulated exploration?

- Technology
- Political stability and centralized monarchies
- Religious enthusiasm: "crusading ideal"
- Examples possible wealth to gain

Incas

Tribes joined together to form a single, representative government.

Mayans

Had a written language, developed a calendar and numeric system.

Aztecs

Developed cities with a quarter of a million occupants. Warrior people and believed in human sacrifice to spirits that they believed controlled the world.

What were the differences in regard to women?
English and Native Americans (Iroquois).

Men and women were equal and split their work between each side in Iroquoian culture. Whereas in European culture, the women are lesser than the men.

Iroquoian women had egalitarian relationships with the men in their society. Egalitarian meaning that all people are equal and deserve the same rights and opportunities.

Iroquoian women had roles in government, influential voices, and were free to move out of negative relationships. They were allowed to divorce, own their own property, appoint sachems, and arrange marriages for their children. Women in Europe were not allowed to do these things.

Iroquoian women had more power and influence than the European women. European women become invisible with no distinctive identity once they are married.
Lineage was through the mother.

The native women are seen as barbaric to them because they are not covered head to toe in multiple layers. Women do a lot of forming. To the Europeans, this is seen as an uncivilized practice.
Women are perceived as delicate as a flower and to be protected, this is a European belief and construct.

Charles II

King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)

- He comes back from France where he went as a child and reclaims his throne.
- Son of the beheaded King. Charles the I.
- He rewards people who helped him with land grants in the New World. Some colonization is to build good will for Charles.
- He leaves NO heir to the throne. Therefore, power shifts to his brother, James. He died in 1685.

James the II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

It allowed ships to sail successfully along long, rough oceans because they were longer, narrower, and deeper cargo holes.

Caravels were beneficial for bringing back anything of value for when explored.

Slavery in the Americas

Why would people live longer lives in New England?

Because a forty-year lifespan in the South was unlikely and women would be dead long before that because of issues with childbirth.