B5 Homeostasis

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59 Terms

1

What is homeostasis?

regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions

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2

What conditions are controlled in the human body? (3)

blood glucose concentration

body temperature

water levels

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3

What two types of responses happen in the body to control conditions?

nervous responses or chemical (hormonal) responses

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4

What three parts are present in all control systems?

receptors

coordination centres

effectors

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5

In the body control system: what do cells called receptors do?

detect stimuli

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6

In the body control system: what do coordination centres do?

receive and process information from receptors

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7

Give examples of coordination centres in the human body (3)

the brain, spinal cord and pancreas

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8

In the body control system: what do effectors do?

bring about responses which restore optimum levels of things like glucose and water

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9

Give examples of effectors in the human body

muscles and glands

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10

What is the nervous system?

the body system that includes all of the nerve cells, the brain and the spinal cord

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11

What does the nervous system do?

allows humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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12

What is the central nervous system?

the brain and spinal cord

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13

What does the central nervous system do?

it coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones

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14

What is the name given to the part of the nervous system which contains only nerves?

The peripheral nervous system

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15

What happens in the body between a stimulus and a response?

stimulus → receptor → coordinator → effector → response

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16

What is a stimulus?

A change in external environment

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17

What is a reflex action?

An automatic and rapid nervous response which does not require the conscious part of the brain

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18

What is the endocrine system?

the body system that includes hormones and glands

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19

What does the endocrine system do?

sends hormones around the body through the blood

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20

What are hormones produced by?

glands

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21

What are hormones?

chemicals which are carried in the bloodstream. They cause effects to happen in organs.

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22

Which is faster: the nervous system or the hormonal (endocrine) system?

the nervous system

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23

Which effects last longer: the nervous system or the hormonal (endocrine) system?

the hormonal (endocrine) system

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24

What does the pituitary gland do?

Produces many hormones which regulate body conditions. Some of these hormones act on other glands, which produce other hormones.

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25

Where is the pituitary gland?

At the base of the brain

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26

Where is the pancreas?

Behind the stomach.

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27

Where is the thyroid?

Along the front of the windpipe.

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28

Where are the adrenal glands?

One above each kidney.

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29

Where are the ovaries?

In the lower abdomen.

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30

Where are the testes?

In the scrotum.

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31

Where is blood glucose concentration monitored?

In the pancreas

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32

What is carbohydrate broken down into?

Glucose

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33

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

• the pancreas produces the hormone insulin

• excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.

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34

What is type 1 diabetes?

the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, so blood glucose can reach dangerously high levels

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35

How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated?

with insulin injections

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36

What is type 2 diabetes?

the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

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37

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime

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38

Which type of diabetes is obesity a risk factor for?

Type 2 diabetes

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39

What happens at puberty?

reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

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40

What are the main male and female reproductive hormones?

Male: testosterone

Female: oestrogen

(Oestrogen and testosterone are produced by both sexes).

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41

What is the main role of testosterone?

it stimulates sperm production

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42

Where is oestrogen produced?

In the ovaries

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43

Where is testosterone produced?

In the testes

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44

What four hormones control the menstrual cycle?

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone.

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45

What do FSH and LH stand for?

Follicle-stimulating hormone.

Luteinising hormone.

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46

How many days long is the menstrual cycle (usually)?

28

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47

What is the function of FSH?

causes maturation of an egg in the ovary

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48

What is the function of LH?

stimulates the release of an egg

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49

Which hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?

Oestrogen and progesterone

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50

What is contraception?

hormonal and non-hormonal methods of controlling fertility

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51

List hormonal methods of contraception.

Oral contraceptive pills

Patch

Implant

Injection

The IUD (intrauterine device, or the coil)

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52

List barrier methods of contraception.

Condoms

Diaphragms

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53

How do oral contraceptives control fertility?

they contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature

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54

How do injections, implants or skin patches control fertility?

they slowly release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

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55

How do barrier methods control fertility?

they prevent the sperm reaching an egg

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56

How do intrauterine devices control fertility?

they prevent the implantation of an embryo or release a hormone

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57

How do spermicidal agents control fertility?

they kill or disable sperm

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58

How does abstaining from intercourse control fertility?

this tries to make sure there are no sperm in the female reproductive system when an egg may be in the oviduct

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59

How do surgical methods control fertility?

they prevent the sperm reaching an egg by removing tubes in the reproductive systems

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