bicd 110 cell bio

LECA

Last Eukaryote Common Ancestor 1.5-2 billion years ago

Robert Hooke

discovered plant cells

compound microscope

saw honeycomb, pores in microscope (named cells for tiny rooms)

cork micrograph drawing

Anthoine van Leeuwenhoek

discovered microorgansisms, red blood cells, cell theory

simple lens microscope(did not let anyone else build it)

saw animacules

gum swabs

Schleiden

every part of a plant is made of cells

cells made from crystallization proccess(stolen from dumortier)

schwann

both plants and animals are composed of cells and their products

virchow

I) all living organisms composed of cells

II) the cell is the most basic unit of life

III) all cells arise only from pre-existing cells

Brown and Flemming

discovered nucleus, chromosomes, and different stages of cell division with the help of basic stains

Golgi(person)

black reaction staining allowed C Golgi to identify the internal reticular apparatus which was termed the golgi apparatus

electron microscopy

allows for superior resolution

electron imaging compared to photons

electrons have much smaller wavelengths so they have higher resolution images

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

thin samples are stained/shadowed with heavy metals

thick samples are fixed dehydrated and embedded with resin

scanning electron microscopy ( SEM)

surface of the sample is metal-shadowed

cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM)

hydrated unstained samples are plunge frozen leading to formation of vitreous ice

first electron micrograph of a cell

obtained by porter, claude, and fullham

violet light

400 nm , 750 THz

indigo light

445 nm, 675THz

blue light

475 nm, 630 Thz

green light

510 nm, 590 THz

yellow light

570 nm, 525 THz

orange light

590 nm, 510 THz

red light

650 nm, 480 THz

excited state

absorption of a photon

ground state

emission of a photon at a longer wavelength

transfection/transduction of cells

results in the expression of an ectopical protein

Roger Tsien

made GFP shine in all colors

immuno-labeling

uses an antibody with a probe covalently attached

need antibody to specific protein of interest

how can antibodys be generated for immuno labeling

injecting animal model with protein of interest, generating antibodies from a cell lin-monoclonal antibodies

what is needed to visualize subcellular structures or location of biomolecules, cells, and tissue

fixed, permeabilized, and stained

fixed

formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde cross links amino groups on molecules

permeabilized

makes the plasma membrane permeabilized to reagents

stained

marker covalently attached to specific antibodies, heavy metals that stain different biomolecules or small flourescent dyes

confocal flourescense microscopy

better resolution by filtering out the out of focus light