a push period 2 CCST (1607 - 1754)

* = most important

American Indians*

Indigenous peoples living in North America before European colonization

Dutch Colonial Efforts*

known for their colonization efforts, especially in area of New Netherland (present day NY, DE, NJ, CT), and establishment of a trading company, the Dutch West India Company

What was the Dutch position on religion*

protestant and showed little interest in converting natives to Christianity — emphasized on democratic principles and religious tolerance — attracted English calvinists seeking refuse from persecution

french and English colonial efforts*

french: focused on fur trading and establishing relationships with native americans

english: centered on establishing permanent settlements and agricultural expansion —> led to conflicts with Natives

pueblo people*

native American groups in southwestern United States (by Rio Grande Valley) known for their agricultural (maize), material and religious practices, and their permanent stone-and-mud buildings

pueblo revolt*

1680 - successful uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonial rule in present day mexico — driven by decades of Spanish oppression, religious persecution and exploitation of resources

triangular trade*

transatlantic trade network that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas

manufacture goods and enslaved people were exchanged with the Americas providing raw materials to Eu

Eu to Africa: ship manufactured goods like textiles, tools and weapons to W. Africa - trade for enslaved people

Africa to Americas: enslaved people to Americas (primarily Caribbean dn Southern colonies) — brutal journey known as middle passage

Americas to Eu: Americas ship raw materials (sugar, tobacco, cotton…) in Eu they would be processed and used to produce goods

jamestown (profit) vs plymouth (religion)*

Jamestown, Va: initial focus - searching for gold and silver and later cultivating tobacco for export, usually men motivated by prospect of wealth and adventure

• caused a lot of disease and conflict with Natives and lack of experience in wilderness survival

• successful eventually bc of cultivation of tobacco

Plymouth, Ma: primarily families (pilgrims) who were separatists from the COE - initial focus was to est. community where they could practice faith freely and build a new society based on their religious principles

• challenges of harsh winters, disease, and adapting to new environement

puritans*

wants to purify the COE from Catholic practices, emphasizing a strict interpretation of the Bible and personal piety

enlightenment*

encouraged people to value logic and reason more than just taking things at face value or accepting them by faith

indentured servitude*

labor system where individuals contract to work for a specific period (often 3-7 years) in exchange for passage to the New World and sometimes basic necessities

anglicization*

process where English colonies in N. America increasingly adopted British norms, customs and institutions, becoming more similar to England in their political, social and cultural practices

peter zenger trial*

1735 landmark legal case in 1735 in colonial NY that est. precedent for freedom of the press

Abigail Adams

prominent figure who advocated for women’s rights and actively opposed slavery - “remember the ladies”

wife of John Adams

beaver wars

between Iroquois Confederacy and other tribes — fueled by European demand for beaver pelts and competition for fur trade control

clipper ships

fast, sleek sailing ships — known for speed and efficiency for transatlantic trade (eventually surpassed by steamships)

dominion of New England

short lived administrative union of English colonies in New England (1686 - 1689) - created by king James II to exert greater royal control and enforce stricter adherence to trade laws like the navigation acts

joint stock companies

business entity where multiple investors pool their resources, buying shares, to fund a project, sharing both profits and risk

molasses act

imposed tax on molasses imported into American colonies from non-Brit sources — aimed to protect Brit West Indies sugar producers and control colonial trade

mulatto

a person of mixed African and Eu. ancestry

primarily in south

navigation acts

aimed to control colonial trade and promote English economic dominance by imposing restriction on colonial trade

pennsylvania founding

founded in 1681, haven for quakers and other persecuted religious groups

praying

religous devotion — associated with puritan beliefs and practices

new England towns

refers to settlements often built around a central common, est. by puritan settlers seeking religious freedom and developed a unique system for self-governance through town meetings

jean rousseau

key enlightenment philosopher who argued for popular sovereignty and social contract theory

john locke

english philosopher - advocated ideal for social contract - which gov powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the gov serves the people

maroon communities

settlements formed by enslaved Africans who escaped plantations and established independent communities

maryland toleration acts

landmark law that granted religious freedom to all Christians, providing protection against discrimination based on their faith

scots-irish

descendants of Scottish protestants who migrated to Ireland in the 17th and 18th century and later to No. America

sextant

first measurement of latitude which allowed ships to cross Atlantic and into new world

adam smith

scottish economist and philosopher - considered father of modern economics

stamp act

required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal docs, newspapers and other printed materials - done w/o consent and caused protests and resistance against british rule

first great awakening

a religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s

king philip’s war/metacom’s rebellion

series of battles in New Hampshire between colonists and wampanoag - turning point in relationship with colonists and native americans

vaqueros

spanish speaking cowboy/cattle herder

wampanoag

native american tribe - MA and RI

wool act

prohibited American colonies from exporting wool, wool yard and wool cloth to protect British wool industry from colonial competition

hereditary privilege

idea that certain advantages and social positions are passed down thru birthright vs being earned

mercantilism

an economic system that focused on growing a nation's wealth by exporting easily produced goods in exchange for limited imports

shared labor market (eastern and western hemispheres during colonial period)

where labor, particularly enslaved people, was moved and traded across the Atlantic.

roger williams

puritan minister, founded settlement of Providence based on those guiding principles

New England Federation

military alliance formed in 1643, united Plymouth, MA bay, CT, New Haven for mutual defense against Native American attacks and other threats

Salem Witch Trials

Jonathan Edwards

George Whitefield

Hard

Harvard College

house of burgesses

headright system

great puritan migration

anne hutchinson

salutary neglect

mayflower compact

halfway convenant

middle passage

pilgrims/separtist

iroquios federation

mol

smuggling

furs

tabacco

chickasaw wards

disease (receding native populations)

bacon’s rebellion*

stono rebellion