who what when... test 1 (unit 2)

Aristotle

Who, What, When

Greek philosopher, student of Plato, tutor to alexander the great

350 BCE

Aristotle

What did he write, why was he significant

De anima

defined the soul as the form of the body, not a separate substance

classified souls as vegetative, sensitive, and rational

explains the soul in terms of form and function, rather than myths or spiritual explanations

treated body and soul as inseparable, influenced debates on mind-body relations for centuries

soul cannot exist without the body

Descartes

Who, What, When

17th century, French philosopher, mathematician

Descartes

What did he write, why was he significant

Discourse on the Method

the body is a machine, senses are unreliable, needs correction by reason and method

introduced his famous principle “I think, therefore I am”

argued separation of mind and body DUALISM

mind is immaterial, body is a machine

shifted galens humoral model toward a mechanistic view of the body

Cavendish

who, what, when

17th century

Duchess of Newcastle

English natural philosopher, writer, and one of the first women to publish widely under her own name

Cavendish

What did she write, why was she significant

“On Human sense and perception” and “of Micrography”

On Human Sense and Perception

challenged mechanical philosophy of Descartes and Hobbes

argued all matter has self-knowledge and perception, rejected the body as a machine

argued a vitalist and holistic view of nature, where perception and senses are intrinsic to matter itself

Of Micrography

critique of Hooke’s microscopes

argued microscopes distort reality

showed that instruments introduced subjectivity rather than pure objectivity

defense of natural sense perception over mechanical aids

Galileo

Who, What, when

Italian Astronomer and Mathematist

16th-17th century

Galileo

what did he write, why was he significant

The Starry Messenger

extended sight with the telescope, allowed sight to reach beyond natural limits

reported his telescopic discoveries of Jupiter’s moons, craters on the moon, stars in the milky way

published in venice italy

redefined human perception by extending vision with instruments

Hooke

who, what, when

17th century

english philosopher, member of royal society

Hooke

What did he write, why was he significant

Micrographia

observed hidden worlds with the microscope

coined the word cell

objective science through physical evidence

extended sight with the microscope

showed the power of instruments in revealing hidden worlds

Swift

Who, What, When

Swift

What did he write, why was he significant

Laennec

Who, What, When

Laennec

What did he write, why was he significant

J. Nicholas Mitchell

Who, What, When

Mitchell

What did he write, why was he significant

Cooke

Who, What, When

Cooke

What did he write, why was he significant

Pearson

Who, What, When

Pearson

What did he write, why was he significant