PSY 200-General Psychology Psychology in Everyday Life Chapters 5 & 6 Study Guide

Punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Shaping

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Who conducted Little Albert experiment?

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Know that John B Watson

considered himself to be a behaviorist

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Sensory adaptation

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Gestalt

an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.

Absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50/half, percent of the time

positive reinforcer

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Gustation

the sensation of taste

Know about Albert Bandura and his experiment

the Bobo doll experiment, observational learning.

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Negative Punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Positive Punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Who is most associated with operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses, a conclusion drawn from specific info that is used to make a broad statement.

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

Bottom up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

Primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

Spontaneous recovery

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Olfaction

sense of smell

Conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

Just noticeable difference

the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Negative reinforcer

an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Sensory receptors

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.

Perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Fovea

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. tiny pit or depression.

Operant behaviors

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Know Pavlov's experiment

Classical Conditioning

Skinner Box

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Visual information is processed by which kind of cells and detectors

Receptor rods, and cones,/ Bipolar cells and Ganglion cells

Bobo doll experiment

nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively