GCSE PE Edexcel Paper 1 (Component 1)

Functions of the skeletal system

1) Protection of vital organs

2) Muscle attachment

3) Movement (joints)

4) Blood Cell Production

5) Mineral Storage (calcium & phosphorous)

Minerals in bones

Calcium and phosphorus

All bones in arm and hand from top

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

All bones from head, neck, vertebral column, and top of legs. In order

Cranium

Atlas, axis

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum

Coccyx

Pelvic girdle

Ribs

Sternum

All bones in leg and foot

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Meta tarsals

Phalanges

All bones in shoulder

Clavical

Scapula

Different types of bones. Examples of each

1) Long bones (Fémur, humérus)

2) Short bones (Carpals, tarsals)

3) Irregular bones. (Vertebra)

4) Flat bones. (Cranium, ribs, scapula)

Structure of the Vertebral Column

1) Cervical

2) Thoracic

3) Lumbar

4) Sacrum

5) Coccyx

8 types of joint movement

1) Flexion

2) Extension

3) Adduction

4) Abduction

5) Rotation

6) Circumduction

7) Plantar-flexion

8) Dorsi-flexion

Three types of connective tissue

1) Cartilage

2) Ligaments

3) Tendons

Cartilage

Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement.

Ligaments

-Connect bone to bone

- Maintain skeleton stability during movement

- Made of tough and fibrous tissue

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone, to allow bones to move when muscles contract.

3 types of muscle

1) Voluntary

2) Involuntary

3) cardiac

Function of involuntary muscle. Example

Digestive system

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Not under our conscious control

Function of voluntary muscle. Example

Under our conscious control

We decide when to use them and how explosively

Quadriceps

Biceps

Function of cardiac muscle. Example

Heart

Continuously contracts and relaxes to pump blood around the body for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles. Removal of waste products.

List all components in right side of the heart

Vena cava

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Tricuspid valve

Semi lunar valve

List all components in left side of the heart

Aorta

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Bicuspid valve

Semi lunar valve

Four examples of antagonistic pairs

1) KNEE - Hamstrings & Quadriceps

2) ELBOW - Bicep & Triceps

3) HIP - Hip Flexors & Gluteus Maximus

4) ANKLE - Gastrocnemius & Tibialis Anterior

Antagonistic muscles

Pairs of muscles that work against each other, one contracts the other relaxes.

Agonist

The muscle that's contracting to produce the movement

Antagonist

The muscle that's relaxing

Two types of muscle fibres

Slow twitch & Fast twitch

Type I muscle fibres

- Low intensity aerobic work

- Marathon running

- Used for a long time without fatiguing.

Type IIA muscle fibres

- Anaerobic work

- Can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue.

Type IIX muscle fibres

- Used in anaerobic work

- Generate much greater force

- But fatigue quickly

- Short bursts of exercise: 100m sprint

Three main functions of cardiovascular system

1) Transport of substances

2) Temperature control

3) Clotting of wounds

3 types of blood vessels

1) Arteries

2) Veins

3) Capillaries

Arteries

- Away from the heart

- Oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries)

- Thick muscular walls

- High pressure

Veins

- Towards the heart

- Deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins)

- Low pressure

- Thinner walls & less muslce

Capillaries

- Carry blood to exchange: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

- Very thin walls

- Gaseous exchange, substances can pass through

Make up of blood

- Red blood cells (RBC)

- White blood cells (WBC)

- Platelets

- Plasma

Purpose of red blood cells

Carry oxygen, to release energy needed by working muscles

Purpose of white blood cells

Fight against disease: stay healthy and perform well

Platelets

Help blood clot at wounds, preventing infection

Plasma

Carries everything in bloodstream;

- Blood cells

- Digested food (e.g glucose)

- Waste (e.g carbon dioxide)

Structure of the respiratory system

1) Trachea

2) Bronchi

3) Bronchioles

4) Alveoli

Make up of inhaled & exhaled air (%)

Remember table

Actions of respiratory system as breath in

Diaphragm flattens

Intercostal muscles contract

Thoracic cavity increases

Lung pressure decreases

Air sucked into the lungs

Actions of respiratory system in exhalation

Inter coastal muscles relax

Diaphragm relaxes

Thoracic cavity decreases

Lung pressure increases

Air forced out

Stroke volume

Amount of blood pumped out of heart per beat

Cardiac output

Volume of blood pumped in and out of heart per min (SVXHR)

Cardiac output equation

Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

Tidal volume

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

Vital capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath.

Aerobic Respiration Formula

(Carbohydrates>) Glucose + Oxygen ➡️ Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Fat > fatty acids + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

Anaerobic Respiration Formula

Glucose ➡️ Lactic acid + Energy

Two sources of fuel in the body

1) Carbohydrates

2) Fats

Carbohydrates used as fuel

- Main source of fuel

- During aerobic activities (moderate intensity)

- Anaerobic activities (high intensity)

Effect of exercise on the musculo-skeletal system?

- Muscle hypertrophy

- Increased bone density

- Stronger ligaments & tendons

Effect of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system?

- Cardiac hypertrophy - Decrease in resting HR, increase in SV, increase in max. Q

- Increased lung capacity

- Decreased blood pressure (BP)

- Capillarisation

- More red blood cells (RBC)

Lever arm

Body part being moved about a point

Effort

Force applied by the muscles to the levee arm

Fulcrum

Joint where lever arm pivots

Load

The resistance against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm (e.g dumbbell)

1st class lever system

- Fulcrum in the middle

- Load & effort at opposite ends

- Mechanical advantage or disadvantage

2nd class lever system

- Load in the middle

- Always mechanical advantage

- Fulcrum and effort at opposite ends

3rd class level system

- Effort in the middle

- Fulcrum and load at opposite ends

- Always mechanical disadvantage

When does a 1st class lever system have mechanical advantage?

If the fulcrum is closer to the load than it is to the effort.

When does a 1st class lever system have mechanical disadvantage?

If the fulcrum is closer to the effort than it is to the load.

Mechanical advantage

- Move large load with small effort

- But only short distances at low speeds

Mechanical disadvantage

- Requires large effort to move small load

- Move quickly through a large range of movement

Plane

An imaginary flat surface running through the body dividing it into sections

Axis

An imaginary line running through the body, which an body/object rotates around.

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left + right sides.

Transverse plane

Divides body into top and bottom.

Frontal plane

Divides body into front and back.

Sagittal axis

Runs from front to back

Frontal axis

Runs from left to right

Vertical axis

Runs from top to bottom

Example of plane & axis pairs

1) Sagittal plane & frontal axis

2) Frontal plane & sagittal axis

3) Transverse plane & vertical axis

Movement allowed at sagittal plane

Flexion and extension

Movement allowed around frontal plane

Abduction and adduction

Movement allowed around a transverse plane

Rotation

What movement do all axis allow around each of their planes

Rotation

Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Fitness

Ability to meet the demands of the environment.

Exercise

A form of physical activity done to maintain or improve health and/or fitness. Not a competitive sport

Performance

The actions of preforming s task including a sporting performance

Name 11 components of fitness

Strength

Body composition

cardiovascular fitness

Balance

Flexibility

Muscular endurance

Power

Agility

Coordination

Speed

reaction time

Cardiovascular fitness

The ability to exercise your entire body for long periods of time without getting tired.

Strength

Amount of force that a muscle can apply against a resistance.

Muscular endurance

Ability to repeatedly use the voluntary muscles over a long time, without fatigue.

Flexibility

Amount of movement possible at a joint.

Body Composition

Percentage of body weight made up by fat, muscle, and bone.

Speed

Rate at which someone is able to cover a distance in a given amount of time.

Agility

Ability to change direction quickly and under control

Balance

Ability to keep the body's centre of mass over a base of support.

Coordination

Ability that use two or more body parts together, efficiently and accurately.

Reaction time

Time taken to move to respond to a stimulus.

Power

Combination of speed and strength

Health related fitness components

BEEFS

Body Composition

Endurance (muscular)

Endurance (cardiovascular)

Flexibility

Strength

Skill-related components of fitness

CRABPs

Coordination

Reaction Time

Agility

Balance

Speed

Power

Reversibility

Any fitness improvement of body adaptation caused by training will gradually reverse and be lost when you stop training.

Aerobic target zone

60-80% of maximum heart rate

Anaerobic target zone

80-90% of maximum heart rate

Maximum heart rate

220-age

PARQ

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

Method of treating soft tissue injuries

RICE

Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation