Earth's Physical Systems: Geology

geology

study of Earth’s physical features, processes, and history

crust, mantle, central core

layers of the earth

inner core and outer core

central core has an _______ and ________

hot

interior of the earth is very _____ and is residual from when the planet was formed

radioactive isotopes

continued decay of _________ inside the core

inner core

_______ is a fairly solid mass and has enormous amounts of pressure that forces it into a compact and solid shape

iron

core is made primarily of ________

outer core

_______ has less pressure so it is in a liquid state

volcanoes and earthquakes

we get ________ and _________ because the outer core is liquid causing the earth’s surface to move

lower mantle and upper mantle

the mantle consists of the ______ and _________

asthenosphere and lithosphere

the upper mantle consists of the ________ and _______

rock

mantle consists of ______ but has some elasticity

density

________ is higher in the lower part of the mantle

liquid

asthenosphere is in the _______ form

tectonic plates

continents and ocean sits on _________ that are in motion

continental drift

tectonic plates cause _________

15

how many major tectonic plates are there?

tectonic plates

sections of Earth’s crust

mantle

tectonic plates move due to movement of ________ material

landscapes

plate tectonic shapes _________

divergent plate boundary

pressure lower down in the earth pushes magma up through the lithosphere and up to the surface, causing separation to occur

transform plate boundary

tectonic plates move back and forth, causing earthquakes

covergent plate boundary

oceanic crust dips underneath continental crust and the two plates move toward eachother

convergent plate boundary

continental crust on both sides come together and pushes the land up to form mountain ranges

intrusive igneous rock

type of rock where magma cools below the surface

granite

example of intrusive igneous rock

extrusive igneous rock

type of rock that is ejected to the surface and cools there

basalt

example of extrusive igneous rock

lithification

rock formation

sandstone and limestone

examples of sedimentary rock

heat and pressure

metamorphic rock needs ______ and _______ to form

slate, marble, and quartzite

examples of metamorphic rock

earthquakes 

release of energy to relieve built-up pressure along fault lines

volcanic eruptions

molten rock, gas, or ash erupts through Earth’s crust

organisms

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have tremendous effects on ___________

soot and ash

_______ and ______ from volcanoes going into the air affects organisms

seismic activity

all of the drilling we are doing for things like natural gas and injecting a lot of wastewater that is generated through drilled can generate _________

earthquakes

number of _______ increased dramatically due to drilling