Functions nd locations of brain areas nd neurons

Broca's Area

Controls speech production and language expression.

Wernicke's Area

Responsible for language comprehension and understanding.

Resting State

Neurons are polarized, ready for firing.

Refractory Period

Time after firing when neuron cannot fire again.

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

Discussion on genetic vs. environmental influences on behavior.

Left Hemisphere

Involved in logical reasoning and language processing.

Right Hemisphere

Associated with creativity and spatial awareness.

Corpus Callosum

Connects left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for decision-making and impulse control.

Parietal Lobe

Processes sensory information and spatial orientation.

Temporal Lobe

Involved in auditory processing and memory.

Occipital Lobe

Primary area for visual processing and interpretation.

Prefrontal Cortex

Involved in complex cognitive behavior and personality.

Motor Cortex

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

Somatosensory Cortex

Processes sensory input from the body.

Medulla

Controls autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate.

Pons

Connects different parts of the brain and regulates sleep.

Reticular Formation

Regulates arousal and alertness in the brain.

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements and balance.

Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information to the cortex.

Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis and controls the endocrine system.

Limbic System

Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation.

Hippocampus

Critical for forming new memories.

Amygdala

Processes emotions, especially fear and pleasure.

Central Nervous System

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

Connects CNS to limbs and organs.

Motor Pathway

Transmits signals from CNS to muscles.

Sensory Pathway

Carries sensory information to the CNS.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Sensory Neuron

Transmits sensory information to the CNS.

Motor Neuron

Sends signals from CNS to muscles.

Interneuron

Connects sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary bodily functions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares body for 'fight or flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

Pituitary Gland

Master gland controlling other endocrine glands.

Cortisol

Stress hormone regulating metabolism and immune response.

Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism through hormone secretion.

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Adrenal Gland

Produces hormones like adrenaline during stress.

Epinephrine

Hormone that increases heart rate and energy.

Gonads

Reproductive glands producing sex hormones.

Estrogen

Primary female sex hormone regulating reproductive functions.

Testosterone

Primary male sex hormone influencing development and behavior.

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and memory.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward pathways.

Serotonin

Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep cycles.

Norepinephrine

Involved in arousal and alertness responses.

GABA

Inhibitory neurotransmitter reducing neuronal excitability.

Glutamate

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Cornea

Transparent front part of the eye.

Pupil

Opening that regulates light entering the eye.

Iris

Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina for clear vision.

Retina

Layer of photoreceptors converting light to signals.

Photoreceptors

Cells in retina that detect light.

Cones

Photoreceptors for color vision and detail.

Rods

Photoreceptors for low-light and peripheral vision.

Optic Nerve

Transmits visual information from retina to brain.

Blind Spot

Area without photoreceptors, causing no vision.

Pinna

Outer ear structure that collects sound waves.

Tympanic Membrane

Eardrum that vibrates in response to sound.

Middle Ear

Contains ossicles that amplify sound vibrations.

Cochlea

Converts sound vibrations into neural signals.