T1 - Cells & Specialised Cells

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Complex, and include all animal and plant cells

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, like bacteria

What does an Animal Cell contain? (subcellular structures)

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Cytoplasm

• Cell membrane

• Ribosomes

What does a Plant Cell contain? (subcellular structures)

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes

• Cell wall

• Chloroplasts

• Large vacuole

What does a Bacterial Cell contain? (subcellular structures)

• Chromosomal DNA

• Ribosomes

• Cell membrane

• Plasmid DNA

• Flagellum

• Cell wall

• Cytoplasm

Nucleus

• contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

• genetic material is arranged into chromosomes

Mitochondria

• where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

• respiration transfers energy that the cells needs to work

Cytoplasm

• gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen

• contains enzymes that controls these chemical reactions

Cell Membrane

• holds the cell together

• controls what goes in and out

Ribosomes

• involved in translation of genetic material in protein synthesis

Cell wall

• in plant cells this is rigid

• made of cellulose

• supports and strengthens the cell

Chloroplasts

• where photosynthesis occurs

• contains a green substance called chlorophyll

Large vacuole

• contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

• maintains internal pressure to support the cell

Chromosomal DNA

• one long, circular chromosome

• controls cell’s activities and replication

• floats free in the cytoplasm (not in a nucleus)

• found only in bacterial cells

Plasmid DNA

• small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome

• contain genes for drug resistance - can be passed between bacteria

• only found in bacterial cells

Flagellum

• a long, hair-like structure that rotates to make the bacterium move

• can be used to move bacterium away from harmful substances like toxins, and towards beneficial things like nutrients/oxygen

Main functions of an Egg Cell?

• carry the female DNA

• nourish the developing embryo in early stages

How is an Egg Cell adapted to its function?

• contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo

• has a haploid nucleus

• after fertilisation, its membrane changes structure to stop any more sperm getting in. This make sure the offspring will get the right amount for DNA

What the function of a Sperm Cell?

To transport the male’s DNA to the females egg

What is the function of a Ciliated Epithelial Cell?

move substances, such as mucus in the lining of the airways up to the throat (so it can be swallowed and won’t reach the lungs)

How is a Ciliated Epithelial Cell adapted to its function?

• cilia (hair-like structures) on the top surface of the cell

• The cilia beat to move substances in one direction, along the surface of the tissue