Gender Inequality, Trafficking & Population Policies

What is gender inequality?

Unequal access to rights, opportunities and resources based on gender.

How does gender inequality affect fertility?

Lower female education and weaker reproductive rights lead to higher fertility rates.

How does gender inequality affect economic development?

Limited female labour-force participation reduces productivity and slows GDP growth.

How does female education reduce fertility?

Educated women marry later, have better access to contraception and prioritise smaller families.

How does gender inequality impact population structure?

High fertility leads to youthful populations with higher dependency ratios.

What demographic consequence results from gender inequality?

High fertility and rapid population growth.

What social consequence results from gender inequality?

Reduced access to education and healthcare for women and girls.

What economic consequence results from gender inequality?

Lower female workforce participation and reduced national income.

What long-term challenge is linked to gender inequality?

Intergenerational poverty due to limited education and job access for women.

What is human trafficking?

The illegal movement, exploitation or coercion of people for labour, services or sexual exploitation.

What is an anti-trafficking policy?

Government or NGO measures designed to prevent trafficking, protect victims and prosecute traffickers.

What increases vulnerability to trafficking?

Poverty, gender inequality, conflict, poor governance and lack of legal migration pathways.

What is a key demographic factor linked to trafficking?

Large youth populations with limited employment options.

What is one strength of strict border controls?

They reduce illegal movements used by traffickers.

What is one strength of victim protection services?

They support reintegration, counselling and legal assistance.

What is one strength of global cooperation?

International agreements help track traffickers across borders.

Why are anti-trafficking laws often ineffective?

Weak enforcement, corruption and lack of resources.

How does poverty undermine anti-trafficking measures?

People take risky migration options even when protections exist.

Why is prosecution alone insufficient?

Traffickers adapt routes and victims may fear reporting abuses.

What is a pro-natalist policy?

A policy encouraging people to have more children to increase the birth rate.

What is an anti-natalist policy?

A policy designed to reduce fertility and slow population growth.

Why did China introduce the One-Child Policy?

To slow rapid population growth and reduce pressure on resources.

What was one positive consequence of the One-Child Policy?

Lower fertility reduced population growth and pressure on services.

What was one negative social consequence?

Gender imbalance due to son preference and selective abortion.

What was one long-term demographic consequence?

Ageing population and rising dependency ratio.

Why did France adopt pro-natalist policies?

Low fertility and ageing threatened labour supply and economic growth.

What incentives were used in France’s pro-natalist policy?

Paid maternity leave, childcare support, tax benefits and family allowances.

What positive outcome occurred?

Fertility increased slightly (close to replacement level).

What limitation did France face?

High financial cost of sustaining benefits.