Met Reg Unit 2

Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?
1. abdominal
2. pelvic
3. cranial
4. thoracic

cranial

Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?
1. myelinated axons
2. neuronal cell bodies
3. ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves
4. bundles of dendrites from the enteric nervous system

myelinated axons

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?
1. dendrites
2. soma
3. cell body
4. axon

axon

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?
1. nucleus
2. ganglion
3. tract
4. nerve

nerve

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?
1. somatic
2. autonomic
3. enteric
4. central

autonomic

What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?
1. oligodendrocyte
2. astrocyte
3. Schwann cell
4. satellite cell

oligodendrocyte

Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
1. dendrite
2. soma
3. axon
4. synaptic end bulb

soma

Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?
1. water
2. sodium ions
3. glucose
4. white blood cells

white blood cells

What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?
1. microglia
2. astrocyte
3. Schwann cell
4. satellite cell

microglia

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?
1. carbohydrates and lipids
2. proteins and nucleic acids
3. lipids and proteins
4. carbohydrates and nucleic acids

lipids and proteins

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?
1. light
2. sound
3. molecules
4 .vibration

molecules

Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?
1. skeletal muscle
2. spinal cord
3. thalamus
4. cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway, within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take?
1. 1 to 2 minutes
2. 1 to 2 seconds
3. fraction of a second
4. varies with graded potential

fraction of a secon

What is the target of an upper motor neuron?
1. cerebral cortex
2. lower motor neuron
3. skeletal muscle
4. thalamus

lower motor neuron

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?
1. sodium
2. chloride
3. potassium
4. phosphate

sodium

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?
1. resting potential
2. threshold
3. repolarization
4. overshoot

threshold

What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?
1. increase in concentration of Na+ ions
2. binding of a neurotransmitter
3. increase in concentration of K+ ions
4. depolarization of the membrane

binding of a neurotransmitter

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?
1. physical stimulus
2. chemical stimulus
3. increase in resistance
4. decrease in resistance

physical stimulus

Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period?
+30 mV
0 mV
-45 mV
-80 mv

-80 mV

Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?
1. a thin, unmyelinated axon
2. a thin, myelinated axon
3. a thick, unmyelinated axon
4. a thick, myelinated axon

a thick, myelinated axon

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

+30 mV
+15 mV
+10 mV
-15 mV

+15 mV

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?

depolarizing
repolarizing
hyperpolarizing
non-polarizing

hyperpolarizing

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine

acetylcholine

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

biogenic amine
ionotropic receptor
cholinergic system
metabotropic receptor

metabotropic receptor

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

GABA
acetylcholine
glutamate
Norepinephrine

GABA

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

digestive
respiratory
integumentary
urinary

integumentary

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
rhombencephalon

mesencephalon

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina
midbrain, pons, medulla
pons and cerebellum
cerebrum

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

respiratory mucosa
vertebral bone
digestive lining
craniofacial bone

craniofacial bone

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest
neuraxis
rhombencephalon
neural tube

neural crest

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

temporal
parietal
occipital
frontal

frontal

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus

hypothalamus

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

midbrain
pons
medulla
spinal cord

pons

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn
posterior horn
lateral horn
alar plate

anterior horn

Brodmann’s areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions.

cerebellum
cerebral cortex
basal forebrain
corpus callosum

cerebral cortex

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

common carotid artery
jugular vein
internal carotid artery
aorta

internal carotid artery

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid
pia mater

dura mater

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cell
astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell

ependymal cell

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

lateral ventricles
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle

third ventricle

What condition causes a stroke?

inflammation of meninges
lumbar puncture
infection of cerebral spinal fluid
disruption of blood to the brain

disruption of blood to the brain

What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?

sensory ganglion
dorsal root ganglion
autonomic ganglion
cranial nerve ganglion

autonomic ganglion

Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?

otic ganglion
vestibular ganglion
geniculate ganglion
trigeminal ganglion

trigeminal ganglion

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

fascicle
tract
nerve root
epineurium

fascicle

Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?

olfactory
trochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus

vagus

Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?

trigeminal ganglion
gastric plexus
sympathetic chain ganglia
cervical plexus

gastric plexus

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

mechanoreceptor
nociceptor
osmoreceptor
photoreceptor

nociceptor

Which of these cranial nerves is part of the gustatory system?

olfactory
trochlear
trigeminal
facial

facial

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

Umami (made of glutamates)
sour
bitter
sweet

sour

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

amacrine cells
photoreceptors
bipolar cells
retinal ganglion cells

retinal ganglion cells

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

photoreceptor
chemoreceptor
mechanoreceptor
nociceptor

mechanoreceptor

Which of these sensory modalities does not pass through the ventral posterior thalamus?

gustatory
proprioception
audition
nociception

audition

Which nucleus in the medulla is connected to the inferior colliculus?

solitary nucleus
vestibular nucleus
chief sensory nucleus
cochlear nucleus

cochlear nucleus

Visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in what region of the primary visual cortex?

inferior right
inferior left
superior right
superior left

inferior right

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

lips
thigh
elbow
neck

lips

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

superior colliculus
cerebellum
thalamus
optic chiasm

cerebellum

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

prefrontal cortex
supplemental motor area
premotor cortex
primary motor cortex

primary motor cortex

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

tectospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
corticospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn
dorsal horn
lateral horn
lateral column

ventral horn

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

stretch reflex
gag reflex
withdrawal reflex
corneal reflex

withdrawal reflex

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus
homo sapiens
postcentral gyrus
primary cortex

homunculus

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

increased heart rate
increased sweating
dilated pupils
increased stomach motility

increased stomach motility

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

preganglionic parasympathetic
preganglionic sympathetic
postganglionic parasympathetic
postganglionic sympathetic

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

epinephrine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
adrenaline

acetylcholine

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

optic, CN II
facial, CN VII
trigeminal, CN V
hypoglossal, CN XII

facial, CN VII

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

intermural ganglion
collateral ganglion
adrenal gland
chain ganglion

intermural ganglion

Which of the following represents a sensory input that is not part of both the somatic and autonomic systems?

vision
taste
baroreception
proprioception

baroreception

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

long reflex
visceral reflex
somatic reflex
short reflex

short reflex

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
epinephrine
serotonin

acetylcholine

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla
salivatory gland
reproductive gland
thymus

adrenal medulla

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

norepinephrine dilates the pupil
epinephrine increases blood pressure
acetylcholine decreases digestion
norepinephrine increases heart rate

acetylcholine decreases digestion

Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?

hypothalamus
thalamus
amygdala
cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to indicate the level of light stimuli in the retina?

glossopharyngeal
oculomotor
Optic
Vagus - nutrition

optic

What region of the limbic lobe is responsible for generating stress responses via the hypothalamus?

hippocampus
amygdala
mammillary bodies
prefrontal cortex

amygdala

What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart?

solitary tract
vasomotor nerve
vagus nerve
cardiac accelerator nerve

cardiac accelerator nerve

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brainstem structures with the hypothalamus?

cardiac accelerator nerve
medial forebrain bundle
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
corticospinal tract

medial forebrain bundle

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

nicotinic
muscarinic
α-adrenergic
β-adrenergic

nicotinic

A drug is called an agonist if it ________.

blocks a receptor
interferes with neurotransmitter reuptake
acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor
blocks the voltage-gated calcium ion channel

acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor

Which type of drug would be an antidote to atropine poisoning?

nicotinic agonist
anticholinergic
muscarinic agonist
α-blocker

muscarinic agonist

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?

nicotinic agonist
anticholinergic
muscarinic agonist
alpha-blocker

alpha-blocker

Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma by opening airways wider?

sympatholytic drug
sympathomimetic drug
anticholinergic drug
parasympathomimetic drug

sympathomimetic drug

Endocrine glands ________.

secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs
release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine
neuron

paracrine

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

melatonin
thyroid hormone
growth hormone
insulin

thyroid hormone

A small molecule binds to a G protein coupled receptor, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor.
Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced.
The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.

adenylyl cyclase will not be activated

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

humoral
hormonal
neural
positive feedback

neural

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.

blood vessels
nerve axons
cartilage
bone

nerve axons

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

ADH
oxytocin
TSH
cortisol

TSH

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
0
1
2
6

2

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?

adrenocorticotropic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
luteinizing hormone
all of the above

antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.
It manufactures three hormones.
all of the above

all of the above

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

TSH from the hypothalamus
TSH from the anterior pituitary
thyroxine from the anterior pituitary
thyroglobulin from the thyroid’s parafollicular cells

TSH from the anterior pituitary

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged
there is hypertrophy of the thyroid’s follicle cells
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
osmosis

active transport

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys
a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines
the activity of osteoblasts
the activity of osteoclasts

activity of osteoclasts

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

increased bone deposition
fractures
convulsions
all of the above

fractures

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

thyroid
liver
kidneys
hypothalamus

kidneys

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells
neuroglial cells
follicle cells
oxyphil cells

chromaffin cells

Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.

abnormally low levels of cortisol
abnormally high levels of cortisol
abnormally low levels of aldosterone
abnormally high levels of aldosterone

abnormally high levels of cortisol

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

pupil dilation
increased oxygen supply to the lungs
suppressed digestion
reduced mental activity

reduced mental activity

What cells secrete melatonin?

melanocytes
pinealocytes
suprachiasmatic nucleus cells
retinal cells

pinealocytes