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Richard Kelly’s Layers of Light
Focal Glow
Ambient Luminescence
Play of Brilliants
Contemporary/ Modern Layers of Light
Focal
Task
Daylight
Ambient (General)
Decorative
(Color) Spectrum
ROYGBIV
Spectral color is light of a specific wavelength, with a deep chromatic saturation.
(Color) Is color emitted from a lamp an additive or subtractive system?
Additive- by adjusting and mixing intensity, any color can be created
(Color) Kelvin- Color Temperature (CCT)
cool temperatures are higher in number and are energizing with daytime alertness
warm temperatures are lower in number and are inviting, relaxing, and represent sunset and nighttime lighting
(Color) Ultraviolet and Infrared Wavelengths
Ultraviolet
High frequency, shorter wavelengths on the right side of visible light on the spectrum
Black lights, tanning lights, laser
380 nm
Infrared
Longer wavelengths on the left side of visible light on the spectrum
Makes up a bigger portion of sunlight than visible and UV
Night vision lights 4. 900-700 nm, 3D spatial sensing
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Light Source
Device that emits light; it can also refer to the technology that produces light (ex. LED)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Bulb
Outer glass of a lamp
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Lamp
Replaceable light source that connects to a holder (or socket) and a source of electricity
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Luminaire
Complete the lighting device, including the source, mechanical and electrical connections, optics, and any auxiliary devices required
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Light
Energy, typically described as part of electromagnetic radiation between 380 and 780 nm, that can excite the retina and produce a visual sensation
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Luminous Flux
Light emitted in all directions by a source; measured in Lumens (lm)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Luminous Intensity
Light emitted in a specific direction by a source; measured in Candelas (cd)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Luminous Efficacy
Measure of how well a light source produces visible light; measured in Lumens per Watt (lm/W)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Illuminance
Density of light at any given point on a surface; measures in Footcandles (fc) or Lux
Density of light at any given point on a surface; measures in Footcandles (fc) or Lux
Light that is reflected from a surface in a given direction (towards the eyes); measured in Candelas per Square Meter (cd/m^2)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Exitance
Total quantity of light emitted, reflected, or transmitted in all directions from a surface; measured in Lumens per Square Foot (lm/sf)
(Physics & Basic Photometrics) Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Accounts for the difference of white lights - 80 is good - 90 is great - 100 is perfect
(Reflectivity & Light) Specular vs. Diffuse
Specular
reflection of light off a smooth surface (ex. mirror)
Diffuse
scattered and comes from all directions
(Psychology of Lighting Effects) Approaches to Describing the Psychology of Lighting- Stimulus
response
Determine your program for the space
How much stimulation appropriate for space
(Psychology of Lighting Effects) Approaches to Describing the Psychology of Lighting- Emotional
response
James Russel
How we feel effects how we behave in a space
(Psychology of Lighting Effects) Approaches to Describing the Psychology of Lighting- Environmental Cognition
Kaplan and Kaplan
Factors that drive human preference for environments
Coherence and complexity
(Psychology of Lighting Effects) Approaches to Describing the Psychology of Lighting- Subjective Impressions
John Flynn
Nature of human response to lighting
spacious/confinement, visual clarity/haziness, relaxation/activation, public/private
(Psychology of Lighting Basics) Which lighting approaches are best for a type of space or creating a specific feeling for a space?
Impressions of Spaciousness
increases intensity and uniformity of lighting
high illuminance values on horizontal surfaces
Impressions of Perceptual Clarity
increasing the general illumination levels makes spaces feel more public
low illuminance values correlate to private space, where people are veiled in shadow and silhouette
Impressions of Relaxation
non-uniform downlighting
wall-lighting
lower light levels
warmer tones
Impressions of Privacy
non-uniform
lower brightness in zone of user
higher brightness in zone of user
high brightness in zones surrounding the user
wall lighting
(Daylighting) Sunlight vs Skylight
Sunlight - direct beam of light from the sun
Skylight - diffuse reflection (indirect) of sunlight in the atmosphere
(Daylighting) Summer and Winter Solstices
Summer - moment of the earth's tilt toward the sun is at a maximum
Winter - moment when the earth's axis tilts is furthest away from the sun
(Daylighting) Taking Advantage of Daylight
1. Skylights
2. Sawtooth Monitors - strategically angles away from the southern direct sunlight, but still allows for natural light to be let into the space
3. Monitors - bring a lot of diffuse daylight in the space and minimize direct sunlight
4. Clerestories - part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light
5. Tubular Skylight - spherical dome located on the roof connected to an adjustable cylindrical reflector to bounce light down the tube to a terminal diffuser
6. Light Well - an open area or vertical shaft in the center of the building, bringing light into the lower floors or basement
7. Side Lighting - as a window moves higher on a wall, the light can penetrate deeper into the interior - visual stimulation
(Daylighting) Ways of Filtering Daylight
Drapery, shades, screens, blinds, louvers, awnings, overhangs, and season vegetation
(Distribution of Light) Glare vs. Sparkle
Glare- not desirable; caused by light coming from the wrong direction - solutions: diffuser, physical barrier, reflector/refractor lens
Sparkle - desirable; direct lighting in our field of view, providing variety and intrigue into your visual settings - direct sparkle, reflected sparkle, and transmitted sparkle
(Distribution of Light) Primary Distribution Directions
1. Direct - downward (concentrated and diffused)
2. Indirect - upward (concentrated and diffused)
3. Indirect/Direct - upward/downward (concentrated and diffused)
4. Multidirectional - everywhere
(Distribution of Light) Wall Washing vs Wall Grazing
Wall Grazing - accentuates texture and is a narrow spread Wall
Washing - diffuse, wider spread, and hides texture and wall imperfections
(Lamps) Types of Bulb Shapes
incandescent
fluorescent
compact fluorescent
HID
LED
(Lamps) Types of Bases
1. Typical American screw-in base (E26 or ES26)
- Edison-Style base - 26 represents that base thread outside diameter in mm
2. Other common bases
- Candelabra (E12) - Intermediated based (E17) - Mogul base (E39)
(Light Control) Types of Contours, Reflectors, Lenses, Louvers, and Baffles
Baffles and Louvers - shield glare from normal viewing angles
Baffles: provide shielding in one direction
Louvers: series of baffles used in multiple directions or in polar arrangements to shield from many directions
Louvers and Reflectors - act as a barrier and redirect natural light so it isn't as harsh
(Luminaires) What is a luminaire?
Complete unit that provides housing, lamp, control elements, peripheral equipment, and an electrical connection
(Luminaires) 5 Primary Types of Luminaires
Recessed
Semi-recessed
Surface Mounted (includes sconces)
Pendant Mounted
Track Mounted
What is Photometry?
The science of measuring light
What is the IES
Illuminating Engineering Society
What is LPD?
Lighting Power Density
Who would a designer consult with about lighting decisions?
Lighting Designer
Where would you find and read a luminaire cut/spec-sheet?
Through credible manufacturers
What is Ohm's Law?
I=V/R (current = voltage/resistance) measured in (Amperes = Volts/Ohms)
What is a circuit?
The pathway electricity follows
What is a conductor? What is used in most buildings?
An object or type of materials that allows the flow of charge (electric current) in one or more directions; copper is most commonly used in wiring applications
What is an insulator? What is used in buildings?
A material in which electric current does not flow freely; insulated wires
What is the difference between DC and AC current?
Alternating Current (AC) flows in a single direction at a time, but that direction is reversed at regular intervals - AC is what our typical electrical supply and fixtures utilize
Direct Current (DC) flows only in one direction
What are the different types of controls (electrical controls: like switches, dimmers, sensors, etc.)?
Controls - devices that control the flow of electricity in a circuit
manual switches, dimmers, programmable switches, timers, smart switches, occupancy sensors, photo/daylight sensors, central (building) controls
What is multi-way switching?
The interconnection of two or more electrical switches to control an electrical load (often, but not always, lighting) from more than one location
What are smart controls?
Controls that work in tandem with smart devices and apps networked to provide fine-tuned controlled lighting, dimming, and color
What are construction documents?
Construction documents are the primary means of communicating your design to your contractors and fabricators; define the quantities and qualities of, and relationships among, all materials required to construct a project
What are contract documents?
Contract documents are general conditions of the contract for construction, drawing set, job book or project manual, owner-designer agreement, owner-contractor agreement, change orders, and certificate for substantial completion
The set can range from a single sheet to potentially hundreds of sheets, and can include drawings that address the architecture, interiors, plumbing, mechanical systems, structural, and landscape designing for a project
Which type of drawing is most used to communicate a lighting plan?
RCP - reflected ceiling plan
What are lighting schedules used to communicate in a construction drawing?
Found in construction drawings - usually lists luminaire type, type code, manufacturer, any specific specs, quantity, and location
What does circuiting/switching indicate on a lighting plan?
Illustrates desired lighting control groupings and switch locations; if the lighting plan only included the luminaires, you will be relying on the electrician to determine the groupings, switching, and controls locations
What are specifications?
External documents assembled into a binder format that includes individual product cutsheets for luminaires, fixtures, and other relevant equipment
What is the purpose of a light map?
To introduce the exploration of lighting into a project; part of the schematic design phase and design proposal presentation