Russia

Alexander lll

Alexander lll

Took over in 1881

Clung to autocracy

Autocracy

One person with absolute power over a nation, language, and religion

Who were labeled dangerous?

People who questioned the czars absolute authority

People who worshipped outside of the Russian ortho church

People who spoke a different language other than Russian

Pogrom

Organized violence against laws

Nicholas ll

Became czar in 1894

Last emperor of Russia

Ruled during the Russo-Japanese war and WW1

Trans Siberian railway

Built from 1891-1916

Longest railway in the world (5,772 miles)

What were factory growth issues?

Grueling working conditions

Miserably low pay

Child labor

Outlawed trade unions

Conservatism

Desire to keep power in traditional places

(Church, feudal nobles, monarch)

Liberalism

A desire to change the government towards natural rights

Nationalism

Self determination of government by people with similar ethnic, language and religious characteristics

Socialism

An economic system where profits are redistributed to the workers who share ownership in the means of production

Karl Marx

German born philosopher, theorist, economist, sociologist, journalist

Wrote the communist manifesto in 1848

Proletariat

Working class people

Mensheviks

Moderates

Wanted a broad base of popular support

Bolsheviks

Radicals

Supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik’s

“Father of the revolution”

Port aurthur

Russian naval base in Manchuria

Russia surrendered the port on January 2 1905

Duma

Council/thought

Lower house of Russia assembly

Czar

Caesar

Hohenzollen

Lutheran

Prussia

Habsburg

Catholic

Austria

Romanov

Orthodox

Russia

Czarina Alexandra

Nicholas wife

Ran the Russian government while he was at the front

Zemstovs

Local government institutions in imperial Russia that provided social and economic services to the naval areas

Rasputin

“Mad monk”

Cured the royal families son

Opposed reforms and obtained political positions for his friends

Provisional government

Temporary government

Soviets

Local councils consisting of workers peasants and soldiers

The minority

“the extremised”

Red army

Communist

Bolshevik group

White army

Anti communist

Kerensky

Prime minister

July 3 1917

He was a moderate most of his career then he turned conservative to arrest Lenin

Leon Trotsky

Co leader of the Bolshevik’s

Ideology of both Marxism and Lenist

What did the testy of Brest-Litovsk do for Russia?

Lost 1/3 population

Lost 1/3 railroads

Lost 50% industry

Lost ¾ of iron

Lost 90% of coal

New economic policy

Enacted in 1921

Allowed for a relaxation of the war communism after the white army dissloved

Joesph Stalin

1879-1953

Soviet Union leader

Build a totalitarian government

Conservative

Heavily influenced in the civil war

The great purge

1937-1939

A campaign of terror

Purged all remaining old revolutionaries

Totalitarianism

Takes total control over every aspect of public and private life

What did they control?

Newspaper

Motion pictures

Radio

Any other sources of information

Indoctrination

Instruction in the governments beliefs to mold peoples minds

Command economy

A system in which the government made all the economic decisons

Five year plan

Set impossibly high quotas to increase the output of steel coal oil and electricity

Collective farms

Government owned farms

Kulaks

Wealthy peasants

Destanlinzation

Condemned the cult of personality and the crimes committed by Stalin

Promised a return to lenist principles of party rule

Nikita Khrushchev

First secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union

Denounced Stalin

Avoided nuclear war over Cuba

Leonid llyich Brezhnev

General secretary and Head of state for the Soviet Union

what does SALT stand for?

Strategic

Arms

Limitations

Talks

SALT

A series of agreements between the U.S and the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons during the Cold War

SALT 1

Limited the number of interceptors and missile defense sites

SALT 2

Limits on nuclear weapons, launch platforms and testing

Cuban Missile Crisis

a 13 day confrontation between the U.S and Soviet Union that brought the world close to nuclear war. (october 1962)

Results of Cuban Missile Crisis

1. nuclear test ban treaty

2. hotline

3. missile removal

4. U.S diplomacy

5. Arms race

6. Khrushchev’s removal

7. fear of nuclear retaliation

Soviet- Afghanistan War

a protracted armed conflict fought in the soviet-union controlled Democratic republic of Afghanistan 1979-1989

Results of the War

1. 3,000,000 afghans died

2. Millions of Afghan refugees flee the country

3. Taliban takeover

4. Fall of the Soviet union

5. Global violent jihad

The Geneva Summit

Held from November 19,20 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland

Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev

They held talks on international diplomatic relations and the arms race

The Fall of the Berlin wall

1. Reunification of Germany

2. Collapse of the Soviet Union

3. NATO expansion

4. European Union

5. End of the cold war

6. Nationalism

Authoritarianism

the enforcement of advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

Vladmir Putin

President of Russia (2012-present)

Prime minister

Former intelligence officer

He is the longest serving Russian leader since Stalin

Vladimir Putins Rule

1. epidemic corruption

2. human right violations

3. imprisoned political opponents

4. intimidated/censored media in Russia

5. Lack of free/fair elections