APUSH Semester 1 Final

What was Pre-Columbian Native life like?

- diverse people & cultures

- distinct societies, adapted based on surroundings

- Maize was extremely important --> increase in settlement, population, civilization

What were the reasons for European exploration?

- Gold & Silver

- Glory (power & status)

- God (spread Christianity)

- New maritime technology ex compass, caravel

What was the Columbian Exchange & its impacts?

The global transfer of crops, cultures, diseases, ideas, and people between Americas, Europe, and Africa

- European population boom due to crops from America's such as corn & potatoes

- Spain extracts natural resources like gold & silver, become wealthy

- DISEASE: Europeans brought diseases in which natives had no antibodies to, 90% of natives died

-European animals like horses change Native lifestyles

What was the Encomienda System?

- Spanish system of controlling Natives in Southwestern US

- Grants of land from Crown given to Spaniards

- Spanish aimed to Christianize Natives on the land and make them work on these plantations without pay

- Bartolome de las Casas wrote about brutality towards natives

- Natives knew land better than Spaniards, found escape routes

- system was gradually replaced by African Slave Labor

Spanish Colonization

- GOAL:Extract wealth from land & convert natives to Catholicism

- POPULATION: small numbers, male (worked in mines), plantation owners

- RELATIONSHIP W/ NATIVES: enslave, marry, convert --> race based caste system

French Colonization

- GOAL: Trade (especially fur) & convert to Catholicism (Jesuits)

- POPULATION: Small numbers, males

- RELATIONSHIP W/ NATIVES: cooperate, trade, convert, alliances

English Colonization

- GOAL: Prosperity, land, religious/political freedom

- POPULATION: Large numbers, more families, large permanent settlements

- RELATIONSHIP W/ NATIVES: Seperate, lots of disputes over land

Pilgrims

- Founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts

- Separatists who wanted to completely break free of Church of England

-Mayflower Compact - early democratic self-gov't

Puritans

- Religious group who wanted to purify Church of England

- Founded the Massachusetts Bay colony

- John Winthrop: Puritan leader, wanted to establish a religious "City upon a hill" (beacon of hope - model for the world)

New England Colonies

- NH, MA, CT, RI

- ECONOMY: small family farms (weather), both agriculture & trade (ports), fishing, shipbuilding

-SOCIAL: More families, Puritans & pilgrims, intolerant of other faiths

-POLITICS: Town hall meetings, early form of democracy

- VOTING: white church members who owned land

Middle Colonies

- NY, PA, NJ, DE

-religiously, ethnically, and demographically diverse

- breadbasket colonies (produced lots of grain)

Southern Colonies

- MD, VA, NC, SC, GA

- ECONOMY: cash crops (initially tobacco, rice & indigo in GA SC)

- SOCIAL: High number of indentured servants, Christian, lower life expectancy

- POLITICAL: VA House of Burgesses, first representative assembly, planter elite

- VOTING: only landowning white men

Bacon's Rebellion

-1675 Rebellion of poor landless white former indentured servants and slaves in Jamestown led by Nathanial Bacon, burned & almost took control of VA

- WHY: Poorer live farther out west, conflict w/ natives, Bacon wanted Governor Berkeley to do something about it

- SIGNIFICANCE: Switch from Indentured Servants to slaves (slaves couldn't rebel, contracts for life)

King Philips War

- 1675 Metacom (Wampanoag Indian Chief) resisted white encroachment and attacks New England colonies --> defeated --> end Native American resistance in New England

1st Great Awakening

- Religious revival during the 1730s-70s

- caused by enlightenment, people weren't as focused on religion

- preachers such as George Whitefield & Jonathan Edwards led sermons for many people

- IMPACT: increase in religious diversity within Christianity

Middle Passage

-A hellish voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

-extremely dangerous, many died (disease, densely packed

Enlightenment

-movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

-John Locke (social contract, natural rights) & Montesquieu (separation of powers), rule by the consent of the governed

What were the causes of the French & Indian war?

-British/colonists wanted to expand into the Ohio River Valley, but natives resided there & France also desired the land

Treaty of Paris 1763

- Ended French and Indian War - British win

- French lost Canada & all land east of Mississippi

Proclamation of 1763

-Forbade colonial expansion beyond Appalachian Mountains (in response to Pontiacs Rebellion by Native Americans)

Stamp Act

British law that taxed most colonial paper goods, hated by colonists

How did the colonists show resistance to British taxes?

Tar & feathering, boycotts, Sons & Daughters of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence, homespun goods,

Boston Tea Party

Tea Act: Colonial Tax on tea, "taxation without representation"

Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Indians and threw massive amounts of tea in Boston Harbor to show opposition to Tea Tax

What was Salutary Neglect & why did it end?

An informal British policy that allowed the colonies political/economic autonomy, as long as they swore loyalty to Britain & economically excelling

-After French & Indian War, Britain had MASSIVE DEBT and wanted to make colonies pay,

- started implanting outrageous acts/taxes

What were the causes to the Revolutionary War?

-britian implementing outrageous taxes

-colonists having no representation in Parliament & traditional rights as Englishmen violated like trial by jury

-Enlightenment Ideals (John Locke: natural rights)

-prevented from expanding (Proc of 1763)

-Intolerable/Coercive Acts (close Boston port, restrict gov't, Quartering Act, etc.)

What was Common Sense by Thomas Paine?

-Popular Pamphlet that circulated in American during the revolutionary war - Jan. 1776

- Condemned British leadership as corrupt, that American colonies had outgrown the need to England (ridiculous an island would rule a continent) & urged colonists to declare independence

What was the Declaration of Independence?

- announced the 13 American colonies as independent, separated from Britain

- main author was Thomas Jefferson, July 1776

-Enlightenment ideals: inalienable rights, equality, consent of the governed, social contract

-Listed grievances against England

How was the US able to win the revolutionary war?

-Command of General George Washington

-Alliance with the French after the Battle of Saratoga

-Strong reason for fighting, high motivation

-Home field advantage

What was the Treaty of Paris of 1783?

-ended the revolutionary war

-Britian recognized the US as independent

-US gains land east of Mississippi River

-promised that loyalist will not be persecuted and that they would recieve their belongings back

How did the role of women increase during the revolutionary war?

-Roles Increased as husbands went to fight

-some worked in military camps, some disguised themselves

-"remember the ladies" by Abigail Adams: remember them when you craft new government

- REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD: -idea that women should stay @ home and educate & raise sons so that they can be upstanding democratic citizens in the future --> therefore women need more education & have a slightly more important role in society

What were some strengths/achievements & weaknesses/failures of the Articles of Confederation?

Achievements:

-Win Revolutionary War & negotiate Treaty of Paris

-Northwest Ordinances: 5 new states & outlawed slavery in them

-Created national bureaucracy (department of war, foreign affairs, post office, finance)

Weaknesses:

- No executive branch or judicial court

-extremely limited powers (can't tax, regulate commerce, or draft troops

-Difficult to pass laws because 9/13 states had to approve, 13/13 had to consent to amend articles

-Each state had its own currency & imposed taxes on other states (trade was difficult)

-Shay's Rebellion: lasted long because there was no national army

What was Shay's Rebellion?

a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by Daniel shay & American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt --> showed weakness of the Articles of Confederation

What was the Constitutional Convention?

-Meeting of delegates in 1787 originally to REVISE the Articles

-Created a government with a new structure (system of checks & balances, federalism)

-Great Compromise (Bicameral Congress)

What was the Great Compromise?

-Combined aspects of Virginia Plan (congress based on population size), and the New Jersey plan (equal for all states)

-Created two-house congress with House of Representatives based on state population size, and Senate which had 2 per state regardless of size

What was the 3/5's Compromise?

60% of a state's slaves would be counted towards population when decided number of state House representatives & taxation

What were the characteristics of Federalists?

- Those who supported the ratification of the constitution

-Favored stronger national gov

-Popular in smaller states

-Madison, Hamilton, Washington

What were the characteristics of the Anti-Federalists?

-Those who OPPOSED ratifying the constitution

-Wanted strong state gov

-Popular in large states

-Claimed it lacked a bill of rights (didn't protect individual rights) --> agreed to ratify the Constitution if one was added

What did George Washington do during his presidency?

-Proclamation of Neutrality (stat out of foreign affairs)

-created cabinet & two term presidency

-Crushed Whiskey Rebellion

-Warned the nation to continue to stay avoid international alliances & avoid political parties in his farewell address

Why did the two-party system emerge?

People had varying views on the strength of the federal government, foreign policy, economy, and the balance between Liberty & order. Chiefly differences over Hamilton's Financial Plan and support of the French Revolution.

Characterize the Federalist Party

-Hamilton & John Adams

-Stronger National gov

-Supported Hamilton's financial plan

-industry-based economy

-wanted to maintain relationship w/England (trade)

-loose interpretation of constitution

Characterize the Democratic-Republican Party

-Madison & Jefferson

-Stronger state gov

-agrarian based economy (yeoman farmers) common man

-Supported the French

-Strict interpretation of the constitution

What were the 4 parts of Hamilton's a Financial Plan?

1. Federal gov absorbs ALL DEBT (including state debt)

2. Protective tariffs to raise revenue & promote Industry

3. Whiskey tax

4. Create Bank of the United States

What were the Alien & Sedition Acts?

- four measures implemented during Adam's (fed) Presidency that limited freedoms & restricted liberties

-made it illegal to critique government (meant to silence Democratic-Republican supporters)

- Dem-Reps responded with Virginia & Kentucky resolutions (claimed states should be able to nullify laws)

What was the revolution of 1800?

Peaceful presidential transition of power between federalists (Adams) to Democratic Republicans (Jefferson), first change in a policial party

What was the Embargo Act?

- issued by Jefferson, banned trade in all foreign countries

- caused by British impressment of US sailors and French interference with US shipping

- resulted in severe economic depression

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

A land purchase by Jefferson from France that more than doubled land size of the U.S. (very cheap!!) 1803. It was controversial because It was an implied power that the President could purchase foreign land, and Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, and they favor a stricter interpretation of the constitution

What was Marbury vs. Madison?

a case that helped establish the Supreme Court's power of judicial review - right to declare acts of Congress/the president unconstitutional

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

- America's neutrality was violated (impressment by British, XYZ affair & quasi was w/ France)

-Wanted territorial expansion

-British support for Native Americans & precense on the frontier

What was the Hartford Convention?

New England federalists met in Hartford to protest the war of 1812 & threaten secession -->seem like traitors --> marks the end of the Federalist Party

What was the Era of Good Feelings?

- a time after the War of 1812 where there was only one political party (Dem-Reps)

- increased nationalism after America "won" (technically from Battle of New Orleans)

-Monroe's presidency, very popular

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere & promise of the US to stay out of European affairs/conflicts

What were the aspects of Henry Clay's American System?

-New Bank of the United States

-Internal improvements for states by the federal government ex. roads, canals

-Protective tariffs in order to promote industry

What caused Sectionalism following the War of 1812?

-Tariffs (Tariff of abominations) heavily disliked among southerners

-Second bank favored the Northeast and not the South or West

-Panic of 1819: hurt farmers, causes distrust of bank

-Compromise of 1820

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

-Missouri: slave state

-Maine: Free

-36 30 line was established - North free, South slave

What were some key technologies during the market revolution?

-Cotton Gin (Whitney): allowed for cotton to Seperate from seed MUCH Faster --> makes growing cotton profitable --> causes a high need for slaves & westward expansion --> rise of King Cotton, 2nd middle passage of slaves from Upper to Lower South

-Steam engine: powers machines, faster, identical products, higher production

-Steel Plow & McCormick reaper for farming

-Telegraph: able to transmit Morse Code (used heavily in Civil War)

What were some key aspects of the Transportation Revolution?

-Erie Canal: 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo in NY (transported goods via water)

-Steamboat: travel against the current

-Railroads, more in North

-Increased east-west connections but South often left out, dramatically decreased shipping time & costs

What were the impacts of the market revolution?

-switch to subsistence to commercial farming

-switch from working at home to factories

-growing middle class & business elite

-more connected, each region became more reliant on the other

- Women: Lowell mill girls & cult of domesticity

What was the cult of domesticity?

The idea that Middle & Upper class women were expected to remain home and focus on families, be pure & modest and educate children by instilling values (separate spheres for men & women)

Why and where did the Irish & Germans immigrate to in the US?

Irish:

Why: potato famine, poverty

Where: Northeastern cities

Skills: minimal skills, poor

German:

Why: political instability

Where: Midwest

Skills: less poor than Irish, & had more skills

What was nativism?

an extreme dislike for immigrants by native-born people

What was the Know-Nothing Party?

A political party that tried to keep immigrants out of the country and from becoming citizens and holding political offices, secretive

Why did President Andrew Jackson appeal to people in the beginning of his presidency?

-former war hero from war of 1812/Indian fighter

-"Common Man": came from poor family., first president from the west

-Benefitted from Universal white male suffrage achieved by removing property qualifications for white males

What was the Nullification Crisis?

South Carolina refused to follow (nullified) the tariff of abominations (a protective tariff that helped manufacturing by raising the tax on imported goods to almost 50%, hated by agricultural South) and threatened to secede from the US. Jackson's response: States MUST follow national laws --> Force Act & lower Compromise Tariff of 1833

What was the Bank War?

-President of the Bank of the US (Biddle) Vs. Jackson

- Jackson hated the bank because he thought it was corrupt & only aided northerners (Panic 1819)

- Jackson vetoed the second bank recharter and also took out all money from it

-led to the Panic of 1837

What was McCulloch v. Maryland?

court ruled that congress could create a national bank (loose interpretation of Constitution)and maryland does not have the power to tax it --> power to tax = power to destroy (supremacy of the federal gov't over states)

What was Worcester v. Georgia?

Supreme Court declares states like Georgia have no jurisdiction over Indian lands, only the federal gov't does. Andrew Jackson famously said, "John Marshall has rendered his decision, now let him enforce it".

What was the Indian Removal Act?

government law placed by Jackson that forced most tribes east of the Mississippi River to move to areas West of the Mississippi Rivers 1830. One result was the Trail of Tears aka forced removal of Cherokees and their journey to Oklahoma --> 4,000 die on the way

What was the 2nd Great Awakening?

-religious revival that propelled reform movements

-emotional preachers like Charles Finney at camps

-salvation could be achieved through faith and good works

-Results: new branches of Christianity (Baptist & Methodist) & spark in reform movements

Educating Reform

-Horace Mann: fought for public education for boys/girls & rich/poor

-implementation of textbooks, school materials, and instilling virtuous habits for future working class

Temperance movement

-against alcohol consumption

-American Temperance Society

- Success! Consumption is Halved, 1000000 people quit drinking

Public Asylum movement

Dorothea Dix: wanted to create institutions for poor, sick & mentally ill

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition/nature, which transcends reason and sensory experience. (Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry Thoreau)

Utopian Communities

Shakers: nice people, women & men are equal in eyes of God

Oneida: complex marriage, silverware

Mormons: religious group, polygamy, moved around until present day Utah, successful (still prevalent today)

Women's Rights Reform

-Goal: women's suffrage, equal rights for property claims

-Seneca Falls Convention: first women's rights convention, wrote declaration of Sentiments

-Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Successful? Extremely delayed results

Abolition Movement

-movement to abolish slavery

-William Lloyd Garrison: the liberator author & founder of Anti-Slavery association, stressed immediate abolition

-American Colonization Society: Create colonies in Africa & send slaves there, based on the belief that blacks would always be inferior to whites. Moderate/gradual

-Frederick Douglass: former slave who became abolitionist, gave speeches & was an agent in the Anti-Slavery Association

What were the Characteristics of the Whigs in the Second Party System?

-Henry Clay

-Mostly In Northeast

-wanted stronger federal gov

-Supported American System

-supported reform movements

What were the characteristics of the Democrats in the second party system?

-Andrew Jackson

-Southern & western farmers, urban workers, immigrants

-More state power

-Opposed American System

-wanted to eliminate wealth gap

What were the Causes of the Mexican-American War?

-Election of 1844: Polk wins w/ slogan (54 40 or fight! - Oregon)

-Polk supported manifest Destiny & annexation of Texas

-Slidell Mission: Polk wanted CA, but Mexico said no

-Sent troops into disputed border zone to spark a fight

What were the impacts of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

-US gains CA, NM, AZ, for 15 mil (size increases by 1/3)

-Generals of Robert Lee & Ulysses S. grant

-OPENS THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY IN THE NEW TERRITORIES

What were the reasons for westward expansion?

-Manifest Destiny - The belief that it was America's "God given" right to expand from coast to coast

-Access to natural resources (California Gold Rush)

-Economic incentive for people to move west, gain land/farms (Oregon Trail), western ports to trade with Asia (Matthew Perry & Japan), and make $$, spread slavery

-Religious refuge for Mormons

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

Proposed banning slavery in ALL territory gained from Mexico (passed in house, not senate)

What was the Compromise of 1850?

1. Popular sovereignty in Mexico territory

2. More strict fugitive slave law (northerners must comply)

3. Slave TRADE abolished in DC

4. CA was added as a free state

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

-Overturned the MO Compromise - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska.

-Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party

-Sparked violent Bleeding Kansas between pro & anti slavery settlers

What was the Dred Scott decision?

-Slave Dred Scott sued for freedom claiming that he lived on free soil

-Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property & couldn't be taken away from owners,

-no blacks regardless of status were citizens

- congress could not regulate slavery in the territories (overruled Missouri compromise of 1820)

What was John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry?

-John Brown & other angry abolitionists attempted to lead a slave rebellion in Virginia, failed & executed

-terrified southerners but supported by northerners

What were the Causes of the Civil War?

-economic differences btwn industrial North & agricultural South

-manifest Destiny & debate over slavery

-radicals on both sides ex. John Brown

-election of 1860 results: southerners feared that Republicans/Lincoln would prevent expansion of slavery in new territories --. SC secedes after Lincoln's election

What was the INTIAL goal of the Civil War?

To preserve the Union/Constitution & not make any other states secede

What was the Anaconda Plan?

northern strategy to surround the South & block southern ports so they could not get shipments from potential European allies

Why was the Gettysburg address Important?

Shifts the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to abolishing slavery

How was the Union able to win the Civil war?

-larger army size, more wealth, more railroads, telegraph, more factories, navy, Lincoln

What was Reconstruction?

The period of rebuilding the South and getting them back in the Union

What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

Organization established by Lincoln to protect legal rights of former slaves & helped them with health, finding jobs, homes, and EDUCATION

What was Lincoln's 10% Plan?

-if 10% of a seceded state pledged loyalty to the union & rejected slavery, they would be pardoned & readmitted to the Union

-wanted speedy reconciliation (plan was extremely doable)

-hated by Radical Republicans as too lenient

Who were the Radical Republicans?

Extreme Republicans who wanted to punish the former Confederate states for causing the Civil War (Reconstruction Act of 1867 - military rule of South), wanted equal rights for African Americans (amendments, Freedmen's Bureau)

Emancipation Proclamation

-issued by Lincoln in 1862

- freed slaves ONLY in areas of rebellion and NOT border states

- first step towards abolishing slavery

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery in the entire US

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the US inc. freedmen & equal protection under the law

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery) --> gave right to vote to black men --> later restricted with literacy tests and poll taxes. 2,000+ African Americans black legislators elected to local, state & federal gov't

What were Jim Crow laws?

laws that enforced segregation & inferior facilities for blacks

supported by Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson

What was the KKK?

A terrorist group that brutally attacked former slaves and supporters of reconstruction