Test 2: Psych 101

blindness in experimental research

unaware of the details in an experiment (participants are always blind/ researchers can be blind)

demand characteristics

behavior of researcher that may influence participants to behave in a way researcher hopes they will behave

single blind

participants are blind, researcher is not

double blind

participants and researcher are blind (best option)

three possible alternative explenations for results

uncontrolled variables

placebo effect

self-fulfilling prophecy

uncontrolled variables

some other variables not purposely changed may be different

placebo effect

expectations cause expected perception of change

self fulfilling prophecy

expectations that we have can result in behavior that produces outcome consistent with expectations

be both …. when analyzing behavior

open minded and skeptical

operational definition

a specific description of what measurable activity a researcher will use as an indicator of covert process

measurable activity will fall into what categories

self report activity

behavioral activity

physical activity

types of observational research

naturalistic and non-naturalistic

naturalistic research

observe behavior as it naturally occurs

Trinkaus naturalistic experiment

observed how many people put their shopping carts back

advantage of naturalistic research

get true picture of how people behave, not how they self report they behave

non-naturalistic research

create artificial situation and observe behavior (ex. dropping wallet on purpose and counting ammount of people who return it)

advantages of observational research

provides view of actual behavior

relatively easy

well suited to certain populations

drawback of observational research

time intensive, some people view it as unethical

survey research

people self report behavior and mental processes (ex. rating scale)

advantage of survey research

quick and easy

increasing response rates: Geuguen, what experiment did he facilitate

created survey on health habits, created fake student email accounts to send survey out (50 sent just text, 50 sent with same text and male picture, 50 sent with same text and female picture)

what were the results of Gueguen’s experiment

58% responded to just text email

76% responded to male picture

94% responded to female picture

drawbacks to survey research

low response rate, social desirability, problems with wording of items

social desirability

people lie on survey and reply in more socially acceptable way

negative and positive correlation, do they mean good and bad?

no

positive correlation

high on one variable is high on the second variable and vice versa (graph goes up)

negative correlation

high on one variable and low on the other and vice versa (graph goes down)

strength

data and range from weak (no pattern in plots) or strong (plots form a pattern/line)

correlational research

goal is to describe relationship between two numeric variables

how can you describe correlational research

direction and strength

what are the 7 guidelines of the APA

informed consent

voluntary participation

given/know they have right to widthdrawl

protect participants from physical/emotional harm

confidentiality of data

any use of deception must be justified

debriefed when participation complete

must obtain informed consent

give participants enough info to make informed decision about participation:

general purpose/ procedure

time requested

potential risks

what are the exceptions to informed consent

Observational research

survey research

participants must be given/know they have right to widthdrawl

able to leave/ stop at any time without fear of penalty

any use of deception must be justified

researcher must make strong case that deception is needed, ex. Hull

what was Hulls experiment

asked if people used alcohol to cope with threat to self esteem

had of age college students sign up for “2 different studies” in realty they were the same study

first part of study (1):

• gave IQ test and falsefied results telling half of participants they scored in top 10% and other half they score in bottom 10%

second part of study (2):

• said they were doing study of wine tasting, told students they could sample as much as they wanted

• measured how much of wine from bottle was gone after participants finished rating wine

results of Hulls experiment

people who got top 10% score: 6.1 oz drank on average

people who got bottom 10% score: 9.2 oz drank on average

participants must be debriefed when participation complete

must answer questions of participant, give details abt research, tell them what you decieved them on.

developmental psych

study of biological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional changes over the lifespan

who conducted the experiment about infant perception of faces,

Johnson

Johnsons experiment

24 infants 37 minutes old, 3 “faces” scrambled, normal, blank shown to infant, children randomly assigned to 1, moved face on protractor and measured degree of infant head rotation

results of johnson’s experiment

regular face had highest # of head rotation (babies have face recognition)

moving target of parenting

just when parent learns how to parent at one phase, child moves to next phase

what is jean piaget known for

identifying 4 phases of cognitive development in children

sensorimotor stage (piaget)

birth to 2 yrs

coordinating experience with motor activity (physical movement)

key achievement: object permanence

what is object permanence

object exsists even when not in direct sight (develops at 8 months old)

what did Baillargeon conduct an experiment on

object perminance

what was Baillargeon’s specific experiment

infants 3.5 months randomly assigned to experimental or control group

control group: doll passed through window in the middle of the cardboard

experimental: doll passes to the other side but does not appear in the middle window in cardboard (magic)

measured time infant stared at display

what was the result of Baillargeon’s experiment

infants in experimental group stared longer, suggests that infants knew object was behind cardboard and were perplexed when the “magic” happened, thus they have object perminance at younger date

main developments of sensorimotor stage piaget

coordinate sensory/motor

understand object perminance

use language

self recognition

comprehension vocab

all words child understands

production vocab

all words child can say

stages of production vocab in order

cooing

babbling

one-word stage

two word stage

cooing stage

0-4 months, little vocal noise

babbling stage

5-11 months

no words, producing vocal noises that sound like language

one word stage

1 year

two word stage

2 years, mini sentences

when does self recognition develop

around 18 months

what is self recognition

ability for child to lok in mirror and recognize its themself staring back

what does rough test demonstrate?

put make up on the kids head, if they try to wipe it off, they have self recognition

main developments of preoperational stage piaget

egocentriscisim

centration/principle of conservation

egocentricisim

child thinks everyone sees what they see (can’t take another perspective)

ex. child will point to smallest toy blocked from view of adult when asked to point to smallest car in THEIR view.

centration

can focus only on 1 aspect of a situation at a time

ex. can’t take into consideration color and shape with puzzle piece

principle of conservation

fact that ammount of stuff stays the same despite physical changes

ie. water experiment

due to ___ kids don’t understand ____

centration…conservation

psychodynamic theory is by who

sigmund freud

what are the three psychic structures of personality

ID, Ego, Superego

ID

instinctual drives, wants immediate satisfaction, the pleasure principle

Ego

mediates between ID and super ego, wants to satisfy ID and super ego, reality principle

Superego

social standards of right and wrong, want to do correct behavior, moral principle

psychodynamic theory: the unconcious

inaccessible to conscious mind, but influences cognition, emotion, and behavior

often unacceptable feelings (often sex/agression)

repressed memories

repressed memories

things that are unpleasant that happened to us as children

Parapraxis

(freudian slip)

sppech error that reveals unconscious feelings/desires