Chapter 3 Migration Key Terms Flashcards

AP Human Geography

Lee’s Law of Migration

Everyone has the opportunity to move, but there are exceptions

1. Human nature often stops a person from choosing to migrate

   • A person may not have the economic or physical abilities to do so

Lewis Model of Surplus Labor

Excess labor on farms was attracted to higher wage earnings in the city

• Assumes there is a small urban industrial area surrounded by a large agricultural area which experiences surplus labor situations

Intervening Obstacles

Things that hinder migration

• Environmental: Mountains, rivers, deserts, etc…

• Political: Restrictive immigration laws, hostility, etc…

Intervening Opportunities

Presence of a nearer opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of a site further away

• Proximity to jobs, countries that offer asylum, etc… 

Gravity Model

People are attracted to larger areas, determines the breaking point

• Breaking Point: The point where one city becomes more attractive than another

• Pop1 x Pop2 / (Distance)2

Harris-Todaro Economic Model

The migrant is rational and calculative in their decision to move to certain city

Zelinsky’s Model of Mobility Transition

Attempts to explain trends of migration as countries individualize

• Closely follows the DTM

Stage 1 of Zelinsky’s Model

Seasonal migration, little to no permanent migration

Stage 2 of Zelinsky’s Model

• Internally: High rate rural → urban migration

• Internationally: High rate of emigration

Stage 3 of Zelinsky’s Model

• Internally: Urban to urban migration surpasses rural to urban migration

• Internationally: Net in-migration > net out-migration

Stage 4 of Zelinsky’s Model

• Internally: Rural → urban migration continues at a reduced rate

• Internationally: Continued rising levels of net in-migration

Stage 5 of Zelinsky’s Model

• Internally: Nearly all migration is inter-urban and intra-urban

• Internationally: Continued rising levels of net in-migration

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

19th century geographer E.G. Ravenstein

• Made a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants

Ravenstein’s 1st Law

Most people migrate for economic reasons

Ravenstein’s 2nd Law

Most relocate a short distance, remain in country

Ravenstein’s 3rd Law

Long-distance migrants that migrate to other countries go to major economic hubs (cities)

Ravenstein’s 4th Law

Most long-distance migrants are male, while women are often short-distance

Ravenstein’s 5th Law

Most long-distance migrants are individuals rather than families with children

Ravenstein’s 6th Law

Most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work

Absorption

The immediate population surrounding a city moves into it, and gaps left behind are filled by migrants

Step-Migration

Small “steps” to a desired final location

Lee Model

Explains the factors that influence migration decisions by organizing them into push and pull factors

Circular Migration

Short-term with repetitive acts of mobility with intents of moving back home

• Seasonal migration

Cohort

A group of people who share a common characteristic(s)

• Birthyear, race, eye color, etc… 

Push Factor

Centrifugal force, typically negative

Pull Factor

Centripetal force, typically positive

4 Major Types of Push/Pull (ESPN)

1. Economic

2. Social

3. Political

4. eNvironmental

Chain Migration

Migrating due to a recommendation to move from someone/another migrant

Emigration

From a location

Forced/Involuntary Migration

Migrating against one’s will

Immigration

To a location

Internal Migration Pattern

The regular, predictable movement of people within the borders of a single country

• Driven by economic opportunities, environmental changes, or social dynamics

Migration

Permanent move to a new location

Overpopulation

A region’s population exceeds the environments capacity to support it

Population Center (Of Gravity)

The geographical point that represents the average location of a region’s population

Refugee

Forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to life, cannot return

• Must cross the international border

Voluntary Migration

People migrate by choice

Reluctant Migration

Don’t really want to migrate, but have to

Asylum Seeker

Migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Brain Drain

Educated people leaving their home country in search of better opportunities

• India

Brain Gain

Educated people entering a new country in search of better opportunities

• The US

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas increasing, reversing a trend of urbanization

Suburbanization

Most intraregional migration in developed countries going from cities to surrounding suburbs

• Motivated by a desired lifestyle

Floodplain

A low, flat land area that is subject to periodic flooding

Guest Workers

A person who temporarily migrates to another country for labor

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Similar to refugee but displaced within a country (Did not cross the international border)

• Not a citizen anywhere

INTRAregional Migration

Migrating within a region

• Kansas to Louisiana

INTERregional Migration

Migrating from one region to another

• The US to France

Interregional Migration Trends

Migrate from rural → urban areas

Intraregional Migration Trends

Migrate from cities to surrounding suburbs

Migrant Labor

An individual who moves from one place to another to find employment

• Often across borders

Mobility

All types of movement

Net Migration

Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

Quotas

Government limit on the amount of immigrants from a certain country

Repatriation

The return of something or someone to their country of origin

Illegal Immigration

Unauthorized immigration, entering the country without legal permission or staying after an expired legal status

United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)

The international organization that provides protection, assistance, and durable solutions for refugees, IDPs, and asylum seekers

Diaspora

The dispersion of people from their original homeland to other locations

Visa

A legal document issued by a country that grants a foreigner permission to enter, stay, or work for a specific period

Green Card

A legal document that proves a foreign national has been granted lawful permanent legal status in the US

Blue Card

Work and residence card for highly skilled non-EU nationals to live and work in a certain EU country

Exaptriate

A skilled worker or professional who lives outside their country

• Usually moved for work opportunities