Phylum Arthropoda and Subph Hexapoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Tagmatiatized Exoskeleton; cephalized; dioicous; Hemocoel; Open circulartory system and hemolymph; Cerci

Tagmatation

The grouping/fusing of segments to form specialized groups called tagma; The thorax or abdomin

Hemolymph

The blood on arthopoda

Phylogenetics of Arthopoda

Arthopoda: Includes Chilcerata, Myriapoda, Crustacae, and Hexapoda

Subph Hexapoda

Clade insecta, the insects; Have a head thorax and abdomin; 3 pairs of legs attached to the thorax; two pairs of wings, which are modified cuticle

Non insecta hexapods

Have internal mouth parts; springtails, proturans, and diplura

Cl. insecta Circulation

Tubular heart with ostia(openings), dorsal side, doesn’t do oxygen transportation

Malpigian tubules

The “Kidneys” of bugs, Long thin, Absorbs uric acid in hemoceol though osoregulation

Cl. insecta respiration

Doesn’t connect to the circulatory system, made up of a series of tracheas all over the body with spiricals to let air into the bug

Ametabolous development

Young are veru similar to adults, have nymphs

Hemimetabolous development

Young go though some change to look like adults

Holometabolous Development

Have a larva and pupa stage; stages are completely different from adults; EX: butterflys, mosquitors, dragonflys

Wing evolution

Ancestral state is no wings → wings that dont fold (dragonflys) → foldable wings so bugs can get into small places

Foldable wings: Haltere

Small secondary wings found in fly; act to stabilze the bug;

Foldable wings: elytra

A protective coering that cover the wings of the second pair; Came from the first pair; Found in bettles

Foldable wings: completely reduced

Fleas dont use them bc they can jump

Why care about bugs

They are dying; the polinate stuff; base of the food chain; evething will die without bugs

Arthropod exoskeletons

Epicuticle: Made up of Wax and proteins; Cuticle: made up of chitin, Protein, and calcium, Plywood structure, Made up of tanned exocutile and endocuticle;

Arthopod joints

Thin, Soft, Hinge joints; Contain Apodeme, skeletal flaps for muscle attachment

Arthopod Muscles

Joints are made up of flexor and extensors attahed to apodemes; Spiders only use hydrolic extension

Arthopod molting/ecdysis

Needed to grow, Spliting at the suture

Respiration in arthopoda

Crustacea use gills; Chelierata use book lungs; Myrapoda and hexapoda use trachae

Water to land transition

reduced gills, Water proof cuticle; Maphaginan tubes and amonia into solid uric acid

Antennal gland / green gland

At the base of antennae; nephidropore; Kidney like strucutre

arthopod heart

Hemolyph is in hemocoel; ostium takes in hemolyph using pressure; alary is heart muscles