IRF 3101 MODULE 3

What are the four major distinguishing characteristics of Philippine foreign policy?

(1) The Philippines has been more dependent for trade, investment, credit and military assistance on one power over a long period than Southeast Asian state. (2) As a consequence of the first point and despite the abrupt changes of regime type in 1972 and 1986, there have not been a full foreign policy restructuring. (3) Philippine’s geographical separation from other Asian countries helped to sustain a unique relationship and foster special perception of the external environment. (4) Weakest state structure in the region measured in terms of ability to maintain order, implement decisions, and extract resources.

What is the dominant pattern of Philippine society?

It is dominated by a complex pattern of patron-client relations.

What was the ranking of the Philippine economy in terms of GDP per capita in 1972?

It was third in the ASEAN economy.

What happened to the Philippine economy in the 1980s?

It became the poorest ASEAN country with inequitable income distribution, growing concentration of wealth, and heavily dependent on US trade.

What is the weakest state structure in the region measured in terms of?

It is measured in terms of ability to maintain order, implement decisions, and extract resources.

What major institution did the Philippines borrow from the US?

The Philippine polity borrowed major institutions from the US.

What was the state of democratic institutions in the Philippines by the 1920s?

Democratic institutions operated primarily for the benefit of the elite.

When did populist tendencies start to emerge in Philippine politics?

Populist tendencies only emerged around the 60s.

Who were the top political elites in charge of foreign policy before martial law?

Foreign policy makers were top political elites.

What characterized foreign policy in the Philippines before martial law?

Foreign policy was characterized as being for a small and weak country.

What did the EDSA revolution bring about in terms of the state image?

The EDSA revolution brought about a revival of the weak state image.

What was the state of the policy process in the Philippines before martial law?

The policy process was well institutionalized with a specialized bureaucracy.

What happened to the policy process during martial law?

The policy process was monopolized by Marcos in all powers of government.

What were some of the potentials of the Philippines in terms of domestic resources and constraints?

Potentials included a population of 50 million, a per capita GNP of $700, and 250,000 armed forces.

What is the per capita GNP of the Philippines?

$700.

What is the education system in the Philippines?

Skill-oriented.

What is the state of the Philippine Corporate World?

Resourced and sophisticated.

What was the percentage of Philippine trade with the US before independence?

80%.

What caused an economic recession in the Philippines in the 1980s?

Reliance on sugar.

Who was the main trade partner of the Philippines in the 1980s?

The US.

What was the amount of American investment in the Philippines in the 1930s?

$173 million.

What was the percentage of foreign investment in the Philippines before Martial Law?

80%.

What was the amount of foreign investment before Martial Law in the Philippines?

80%.

What percentage of sales are made by top 50 Philippine corporations with more than 50% American Equity?

43%.

What was the reason for the adoption of the 'parity amendment' to the Philippine constitution?

The threat of withholding of aid, in the form of war damage payments, was used to force its adoption.

What was the amount of foreign debt in the Philippines in 1979?

$9 billion.

How much did the World Bank Loan to the Philippines grow between 1973-1976?

1060%.

What did the Military Bases Agreement pose for the Philippines?

It posed a neo-colonial status.

What is the reason for the Philippines sharing U.S. perceptions of the internal environment?

It is caused by the historical and cultural ties between the two countries.

What are the perceptions of the Philippines towards the internal environment?

The Philippines shares U.S. perceptions of the internal environment, which is caused by the Americanization of the values and attitudes, leading to the failure of conceiving national interests.

What is the commitment of Macapagal to the Free world?

Macapagal is committed to the Free world led by the U.S.

What is the perception of Marcos towards autonomy?

Marcos has rhetorical autonomy.

What are the diverging perceptions between the US and the Philippines?

There are three diverging perceptions between the US and the Philippines, which are Japan, Borneo, and the Colonial Question (i.e. whether PH is a U.S. colony).

What are the elite perceptions of the Philippines towards foreign threats?

In the 70s, the elite were less concerned with foreign threats. In the early postwar period, there was fear towards the Japanese threat. In the 50s-60s, there was fear of the Chinese threat because of the spread of communism.

What is the foreign policy output of the Philippines?

According to David Wurfel, "Philippine foreign policy has experienced a slow evolution, with no fundamental change in basic orientation because there have been no fundamental changes in the character of elites or elit images or in the nature of constraints."

What is the nature of postwar reconstruction in the Philippines?

Postwar reconstruction in the Philippines was characterized by pure neo-colonialism, which involved economic and military dependency on the US.

hat was the nature of economic and military dependency in postwar reconstruction?

It was inevitable due to the magnitude of wartime deconstruction.

What displaced concerns for autonomy during postwar reconstruction?

The urgency of economic recovery.

What was the comparison made between American colonialism and Japanese occupation during postwar reconstruction?

American colonialism was deemed good comparatively to the Japanese occupation.

What was the Parity Amendment during Roxas's presidency?

It granted American citizens and industries equal economic rights with Filipinos.

What was the Mutual Security treaty pursued by Quirino?

It was a treaty with the US due to the increasing Chinese threat.

What was the Quirino-Foster Agreement?

It was an agreement between the Philippines and the US that provided economic aid to the Philippines.

What was the significance of SEATO during Magsaysay's presidency?

It was a military alliance dominated by the US.

What was the Nationalist Interlude?

It was a period from 1957-72 where nationalist scholarship and intellectuals became more popular.

What was the Filipino First Policy during Garcia's presidency?

It was a policy that prioritized Filipino interests over foreign interests.

What was the Philippines still asking the US for during Garcia's presidency?

Aid.
"

What was the popular slogan ""Asia for Asians"" during Garcia's presidency?"

It was a slogan popularized by Recto that promoted Asian nationalism.

What was the key theme of the foreign policy for regime survival from 1972-86? "👉: ""Regime Survival."""

What were the changes in policy influenced by Martial Law and international government? "👉: Neutralizing enemies, building support among key groups (cronies), and ""Regime Survival."""

What did the authoritarian regime rely on for military expansion?

Reduced penetration of the system by other actors.

What were the regulations on foreign support for labor unions and NGOs during the authoritarian regime?

They were regulated.

What was the significance of establishing relations with China during the authoritarian regime?

Economic benefits and blocking aid for local communists.

What was the prominence given to ASEAN during the authoritarian regime?

Gaining sympathy on the Moro problem, expanding oil supplies, and Indonesian and Malaysian relations.

What was the year when relations with the Soviet Union were recognized during the authoritarian regime?

1977.

What is the significance of ASEAN in Philippine foreign policy?

ASEAN was given prominence in Philippine foreign policy.

What gains did the Philippines make in its relations with Indonesia?

The Philippines gained sympathy on the Moro problem through its relations with Indonesia.

What gains did the Philippines make in its relations with Malaysia?

The Philippines fostered relations with Malaysia through Marcos' dropping of the Sabah claim and facilitated within the ASEAN framework.

What was the Philippines' stance on the Palestinian question?

The Philippines had a pro-Arab stance on the Palestinian question.

What was the result of the Philippines' opening to Muammar Khadafi of Libya?

The Philippines opened to Muammar Khadafi of Libya.

What was the result of the Philippines' bargaining with the US for military support?

The Philippines received military base rental, 500 million dollars in military grants and credits within a five-year period, and economic aid.

What was the Philippines' economic foreign policy?

The Philippines' economic foreign policy included foreign capital attraction, expanding foreign borrowing, and redirecting foreign resources.

What was the result of the Philippines' effort to gain observer status at the non-aligned conference in Colombo in 1976?

The Philippines' effort to gain observer status at the non-aligned conference in Colombo in 1976 was unsuccessful.

What was the result of the Philippines' appearance by the First coupe at the UNCTAD conference in Nairobi?

The Philippines made an appearance by the First coupe at the UNCTAD conference in Nairobi.

What was the result of the Philippines' hosting of UNCTAD in Manila in 1979?

The Philippines hosted UNCTAD in Manila in 1979.

What was the amount of commercial loans in 1978 compared to all government resources?

Commercial loans were greater than all government resources.

How were foreign resources redirected during Marcos' regime?

Foreign resources were effectively redirected by Marcos' cronies, who were stronger than the IMF/MW and local technocrats.

What was the total amount of foreign borrowing by 1983?

The total amount of foreign borrowing was 26 billion dollars by 1983 with decreasing productivity.

What was the potential of Cory Aquino's unprecedented popularity?

Cory Aquino's unprecedented popularity gave her the potential of a new autonomy in both national and international realms.

Was there a sense of necessity for foreign policy for regime survival during Aquino's presidency?

No, there was no sense of necessity for foreign policy for regime survival during Aquino's presidency.

What foreign interests were promoted by the Pentagon/CIE during Aquino's presidency?

The Pentagon/CIE promoted anti-communist vigilantes during Aquino's presidency.

What was the US Military base's stance on the withdrawal of bases during Aquino's presidency?

The US Military base was supportive of the withdrawal of bases during Aquino's presidency.

What did the 1987 constitution factor in regarding the US Military base?

The 1987 constitution factored in a provision elevating it from an executive agreement to a treaty (requiring senate concurrence) and a pro