Henry vii

battle of bosworth

- fought on aug 22 1485

- house of yourk led by king richard iii and house of lancaster by henry tudor

- henry raised an army with the support of the french forces and english nobles dissatisfied w richard

- henry had stanley on his side

- stanley observed battle and made the decisive move during the battler to support henry and attack richard- richard was killed in battle = henry would be king

1485 Act of Resumption

returned to the crown all land that had been granted away since 1455

Benevolences (extraordinary)

- 1491 raised £48, 500 to take his army to france

Bonds and recognisances (extraordinary)

- thomas grey, marquis of dorset gave recognisances of £1000, find others who would give recognisances worth £10 000

- 1499 proved loyalty by e.g helping put down cornish rebellion

Clerical Taxes (extraordinary)

- henry recieved £6000 per annum from vacant bishops

Crown lands (ordinary)

- 1486 act of resumption = recovered for the crown all the property granted away since 1455

- 5 times more than 1450

Custom duties (ordinary)

- £40 000 per annum under henry vii increase by the book of rates in 1507 which set new rates

edumnd de la pole (earl of suffolk) and richard de la pole

- 1498- edmund de la pole and richard de la pole- maximilian (HRE) argeed to give up earl of suffolk who was imprisoned in the tower of london- edmund de la pole was executed in 1513- richard de la pole was killed fighting for the french forces in the battle of Pavia 1525

extraordinary vs ordinary revenue

ordinary: money recieved regularly without needing special approvalextradordinary: money collected in special circumstances (emergencies, eg war)

Feudal dues (ordinary)

- Katherine Dowager, duchess of buckingham was fined around £7000 in 1496 for marrying without a kings licence

- revenue from warship and marriage £359 in 1487 to £6000 in 1507

Feudal Obligations (extraordinary)

- £30 000 was imposed tax on the knighting of prince arthur

henry vii aims as king

- establish and secure his right to the throne and ensure his succession

- strengthen royal government through better control of noblilty, regions and crown finances

- to strengthen his dynasty through foreign alliances and maintenance of peace

Henry VII background

- he was the only son of Margret Beaufort (from the lancaster line therefore a claimant) and ednumd tudor

- after yorkist king edward IV took the throne in 1461 henry became a target for the yorkists

- henry fled eng and spent most of his early life in exlie in brittany and france

Henry VII claim to the throne

- his claim for the throne came straight from the beaufort family (mother)

- john of gaunt, duke of lancaster had children with his mistress Katherine swynford these children were legitimised via royal decree.

- therefore h7 had a weak claim to the throne via his mother

henry vii steps as king

- dating his reign, AUG 21 1485, declared reign started day before Bosworth -> made fighting against him treason-rewards, 1485, granted 11 knighthoods -> secured loyalty and reinforced legitimacy- preventive action, 1485, detained the earl of warwick -> neutralised potential yorkist figurehead, warwick had strong claim through the yorkist line- administration, 1485, council and household appointments -> established trusted government structure- coronation, OCT 30, 1485, crowned before parliament met -> emphasised divine right to rule- parliament, NOV 7 1485, first parliamentary meeting -> gained parliamentary recognition- legal action, 1485, acts of attainder -> seized yorkist property = weakened opponents- marriage, JAN 1486, wed elizabeth of York -> united lancaster and york houses- succession, SEP 1486, Birth of Prince Arthur -> secured tudor dynasty's future

henry vii foreign policy aims

- Maintain good foreign relations

- Follow a defensive policy which was reactive rather than assertive

- Recognition of the Tudor dynasty and securing the Crown

- Protecting the northern border with Scotland

- Neutralise the capacity of foreign powers to profit from Yorkist claimants

how did henry deal w the nobility?

- carrot and stick policy

carrots:

- Patronage was given as a result of loyal service so it wasn't buying loyalty. Land taken from betrayers was given directly to supporters

- Order of the Garter given to his closest servants- it was a good way of giving the prestige but not costing power or land to Henry

sticks:

- Acts of Attainder for treason but he was willing to reverse them at a cost and when they proved their loyalty.

- Bonds and Recognisances were a formal acknowledgement of debt which could be called in at any time, like suspended penalties.

How did the English economy change?

Trade improved, Tariff added on imports in the Navigation Act, and good trade relations with France, Hansa, Brittany Portugal and Florence. Spanish relation were damaged after they passed a Navigation Act limiting English trade.

- Agriculture: More capitalist and developing cloth trade, but little heavy industry and cottage industries were unable to expand.

- Living Standards: Prices remained pretty steady over Henry's reign and people had generally good living conditions, but there was a population increase and a decline in wool export price.

how was the church organised?

- At the top there was the Pope. Henry kept an Erastian relationship between the Church and State

- the State had power over clergy.- The clergy were senior figures of the church and often enjoyed positions of power eg Richard Fox and John Morton. There were two main provinces headed by Archbishop of York and Canterbury, and then seventeen dioceses headed by bishops. Cardinals also held power, such as Cardinal Wolsey.

- The Laity were ordinary people who went to Church. The parish was the centre of social life and where prayers would be said. It allowed the Church to control behaviour,thought and reason.

Intercursus Magnus 1496

- burgundy and eng

- free trade w burgundy

- Philip did not support perkin warbeck

Intercursus Malus 1506

burgundy and england

- give earl of suffolk back

lambert simnel and the rebellion of the earl of lincoln

- 1487- lambert simnel (crowned king in ireland and passed as earl of warwick being imprisoned)

- John de la Pole, the earl of Lincoln (who put together the cospiracy)

- london

- henry heard there was a rebellion he chose untrustworthy Earl of Northumberland (who led a major of richard III army) to neutralise everything

League of Cambrai 1508

- louis xii and spain- left eng isolated and excluded

loans - from richer subjects in emergency (extraordinary)

- estimated £203,000 gained throughout reign

parliamentary grants (extraordinary)

- 15th and 10th, amounts collected based on out of date estimates

Profits of Justice (ordinary)

- imposed fine by courts

Cornish Rebellion 1497

- sparked by the demand for extraordinary revenue due to a far away military campain

- no deaths

- 15000 people involved

- an attempt to exploit the rebellion by warbeck

- h7 fined most, executed some

Earl of Warwick

- 1499

- earl of warwick

- england

- he was beheaded for plotting with perkin warbeck

French Pension (extraordinary)

- part of Treaty of Etaples (1492)

- £159,000 altogether

- £5000 annually

- 5% of income

Perkin Warbeck imposture

- 1491

- perkin warbeck (claimed to be richard duke of york)

- ireland

- 1491 warbeck's forces were crushed he then surrendered to the king. tried to escape w the earl of warwick and the was executed

Yorkshire Rebellion 1489

- sparked due to resentment of taxation (the tax was to finance eng invlovement in brittany)

- earl of northumberland (henry percy) was killed

- not only peasants involved but gentry too

- rebellion as it got h7 to stop the tax

Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489

- spain and england

- arthur would marry catherine of aragon

- alliance

FAIL: arthur dies and Isabella of castile dies so aragon becomes small and irrelevant

treaty of blois 1505

Aragon and franceferdinand married lousic xii niecefrench will help ferdinand (aragon) fight philip (castile)

Treaty of Etaples 1492

- france and england

- england removes troops from french soil

- france give £159 000 to england £5000 a yr

mostly successful

Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502)

scot and engJames IV and Margret marry 1503

Treaty of Redon 1489

- brittany and england

- 6000 troops to defend breton independence

FAIL: in 1491 when under pressure Anne married Charles VIII

- brittany taken by france

Truce of Ayton 1497

- scot and eng

- end of crisis w scot

- scots stop supporting warbeck

viscount Lovell and the Stafford rebellion

- 1486

- led by Francis, Viscount Lovell and Humphery Stafford

- lovell had trued to raise a rebellion in richards III heartland of support in North Yorkshire

- stafford tried another area of yorkist support in the midlands

- lovell managed to escape

- stafford was captured and executed, his younger brother (thomas) was pardoned

Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)

- red rose: lancastrians

- white rose: yorkists

- both houses were direct descendants of king edward iiithe wars ended when richard iii (last yorkist king) was defeated at the battle of bosworth by henry tudor

What are the case studies of Henry's dealings with the nobility?

- John de la Pole Lincoln: nephew to Richard III and assumed successor.

- Francis Viscount Lovell: a personal friend of Richard who fought against Henry at Bosworth.

- Thomas grey of Dorset: defected to Henry, then back to Richard and left behind in Paris in Aug 1485. Given land to control in the South.

- Earl of Warwick: Heir to the house of York and kept locked up in the tower of London.

what is the Hansecatic League?

league of german towns which dominated trade in the baltic. they aimed to maintain a monopoly of trade

What kind of Religious Orders were found?

- Monastic orders-larger houses like Durham also operated as churches. 1% of adult males were monks, most common was Benedictines, but also Cisterians and Carthusians.

- Nunneries were mostly poor but some were richer eg Bridgettine foundations at Syon Lane. Mostly contained women unsuitable for marriage.

- Friars were funded by charitable donations and worked with laiety. Declined by the 15th century and were lower down the social order. Domincans,(black)Franciscans(grey) and Augustinians were common.

What types of farming was there during Henry VII's reign?

- In the South East, the Lowlands, there was mixed farming(both crop and animal rearing), and in the North West there was mostly pastoral farming(rearing of animals such as horse breeding).

- Open field husbandry was common in the South, where the manor(estate) was farmed by tenants in open strips of land and enjoyed common rights(legal rights for tenants to use common land). This was especially in animal rearing.

- This system came under pressure due to enclosure, as increased sheep farming left peasants who arable farmed losing land and common rights.

What was bastard feudalism and sumptuary laws?

- Bastard feudalism was when the nobles had the power to raise military strength through retaining. This led to Henry becoming deeply mistrusting of the nobility. He passed laws against retaining-1504 Act required a licence to retain. Bonds were also used to control the nobility.

- Sumptuary laws were laws that attempted to regulate how individuals would dress depending on social status-eg nobility wear more colourful clothing labourers in brown. It came about from the black death which caused greater social mobility.

What was Humanism?

- Humanism was a broadly intellectual trend and mostly focused on establishing the reliability of Latin and Greek translations to purify the religious texts. They believed in free will and individuality.

- John Colet is a famous example, born in 1467 to a wealthy merchant father twice mayor of London. He studied at Oxford and was ordained deacon in 1497, then priest shortly after.

- He travelled to France and Italy before returning to teach at Oxford-his friendship with Erasmus(another humanist) began in 1498. He believed the Bible was the only route t holiness, and attacked the abuses and idolatry in the Church.

- He anticipated the Reformation but didn't consider a formal breach. He was accused of heresy but later dismissed.- He founded St Paul's school in 1512.

What was local government like?

- Previously local law and order was kept wil the delegation to magnates, however Henry was mistrusting of the nobility and had to give larger swathes of land to nobles he trusted such as the Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney even though they ddint have the resources. He eventually gave power to risks, such as the Earl of Northumberland followed by the Earl of Surrey in the northeast, and the Marquis of Dorset.

- Justices of the Peace (JPs) adminstered local law and order such as tax assessments, complaints against officials and alehouse regulation.

- The judicial system was split into Church Courts, Local,manor and Borough courts King's courts at county level, Common Law courts and Chancery and Equity courts.

What was the Church's social role?

- They administered healthcare, and dying people left money to the church to minimise purgatory. Chantries were chapels for Masses on the dead, the priest would do intercession(say a prayer to the dead).

- Confraternity was where people would come together for funeral costs, pay chaplains for masses and maintain church fabric. These guilds were popular-wealthier guilds were a source of power and other money raisers were church festivals.

- Pilgrimage to the tomb of a saint was common but losing its popularity.

- Individual religion become more important as the 15th century progressed., Margaret Beaufort was very individual and made significant donations to Cambridge university.

what was the council learned?

- its function was to maintain the king's revenue and to exploit its prerogative rights

- this council created the system of bonds and recognizances to work effectively

- expression of king's will and was important in maintaining his authority

What was the court and how was it organised?

- The court was the centre of government and wherever Henry was at the time. He had residences around Westminster Palace including Greenwich, Richmond and Windsor.

What was the economy like in the fifteenth century?

- It was an agrarian economy and the major industry was the cloth trade. The economy was fluctuating and volatile-the harvest determined how good it would be and 1/6 of harvests were really bad. Mostly peasants lived in towns and villages with only some in bigger cities such as London

.- Henry VII did not have a specific economic policy, but income from land had declined the aftermath of the Black Death, and only in the 1480-90s was there a recovery after the population increased again.

- People moved away from arable(crop) farming and began to move towards the more profitable sheep farming for the wool trade.

What was the Medieval Catholic church like?

- There was Papal Authority. Then clergy-secular clergy were priests who went out into the community, regular clergy were monks and nuns who shut themselves off.

- Priests conducted services in Church and were the only ones who could access the Bible, written in Latin.

- Laity believed in he 7 Sacraments

-7 essential ceremonies performed by the Church. These included Baptism, Eucharist and Marriage.

- The route to Heaven lay with the church. To avoid hell attendance of Church, showing Faith in God and doing the 7 Sacraments was important. The fear of eternal damnation was clear to all.

what was the privy chamber?

- a private chamber which the king could retreat protected by his most intimate servants. this made it difficult for people out of the king's favour to get in

What was the purpose of the council and what were the main types of councillor?

- The council had to advise the king, administer the realm on behalf of the king and make legal judgements.

- Members of the nobility such as Lord Daubeney, but no magnates(higher ranks of the nobility)

- Churchmen such as John Morton and Richard Fox who often had legal training and so were administrators

- Laymen, either gentry or lawyers such as Sir Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley, who were also administrators.

- The Star Chamber was for the judiciary, and took on court cases appealed after common law courts dealt with it.

- The Council Learned in the law was developed in the second half of his reign under Bray and dealt with revenue, prerogative rights(kings power which didn't need to go through parliament) and the system of bonds. They could bypass the legal system so were effective in taking land. Key figures were Reginald Bray(og leader), Richard Empson(new leader) and Edmund Dudley(next big thing).

What was the role of Parliament?

- It had a House of Commons and of Lords, but Lords was much more powerful, but neither was central to government.

- It was called by the king and met to pass laws and grant taxation to the crown. Through MPs local issues were brought up. The right to vote was given to men of property.

- Henry called 7 parliament during his reign

what was the star chamber?

- a place where subjects went for speedy justice

- between 4-40 councillors met in the star chamber

What was the structure of society in the church?

- The Church owned a lot of land and thus had significant power

- Archbishops: Were very powerful and were part of govt.

- Bishops: Were important and sometimes held government offices, appointed to exert control.

- Clergymen: Practising members of the Church such as priests.- Landownership was not socially exclusive but Henry VII gave these positions to the educated such as John Morton and Richard Fox. They were not aristocrats.

What was the structure of society(feudal side)?

- Nobility: Duke,Marquis,Earl,Viscount,Baron,(Knight Esquires. but usually gentry) Also known as peerage and only about 50-60 men were nobility. Bastard Feudalism previously gave them a lot of power.

- Gentry: Great landowners in their own right and not retained by nobility eg. Sir Reginald Bray. Knighthood lent itself to administrative work.

- Yeoman,Labourers: Yeomen owned or rented land from gentry or nobility. Were often retained and hired labourers to help work on land. Emerges after the Black Death when land became cheaper and more affordable.

- Citizens: often known as the 'middling sort' they were an emerging urban middle class of merchants and artisans

What were some of the common trades?

The cloth trade had become the major industry in England and developed under Henry, changing from the export of raw wool to broadcloth. (60% of exports was cloth)

what were the JP's (justices of peace)?

- h7 relied increasingly on this to maintain law and order in the countryside

- most JP's were gentry

- h7 widened the responsiblities of the JP's: 1485 they could arrest/question poachers in disguse as this could be a cover for murder or rebellion, 1487 grant bail on those awaiting trial, 1495 they could replace members of juries who they have suspected of having been bribed

What were the main developments in the domestic economy under Henry VII?

- Agriculture: It was mostly subsistence agriculture(no surplus) and had to pay rent so supplemented with cottage industry(small manufacture). Harvest dominated the economy but there was a decline in open-field farming. People enclosed and enclosed farms(put up hedges) to make more money. Henry passed laws to limit this but they weren't enforced. Rural depopulation also occurred due to arming becoming less labour intensive.

- Economic developments: 50 statutes were passed concerning economic trade but was driven by merchant in London rather than the Crown. Imported goods were seen as a sign of wealth, and exports included cloth, barley and malt.- Industry: Limited advancement as the major trade was still cloth and wool but it was cottage based. It emerged as a capitalist system particularly with the Merchant Clothiers. Little heavy industry existed, coal consumed domestically and iron making done sporadically. The Crown was rarely involved, eg 1509 blast iron gun made, 1496 sponsored blast furnace made.

- Coinage: Sir Giles Daubeney given title of master of monies and keeper of Exchange. A new shilling piece with H7's face on was introduced

What were the three main aspects of government?

- The Court, The Council, and Parliament

Who was Perkin Warbeck and why did he cause problems to Henry VII?

- Warbeck was a servant to a Yorkist in Burgundy but he became a model and impressed Yorkist who thought he could lay claim to the throne as a Yorkist prince. He went to Ireland but met Henry's troops and fled to the French court.

- The treaty of Etaples forced Warbeck to flee to Burgundy where he met Margaret of Burgundy, who trained him. When the Intercursus Magnus was signed Warbeck went to the HRE.

- Henry found conspirators amongst the govt, including Will Stanley who was executed. After failing to land in Ireland again Warbeck fled to Scotland.- He attempts an invasion but after Ayton is signed he fled to Ireland where he was driven out again.- He attempted to overthrow the crown by exploiting the Cornish Rebellion but fails and is executed in 1499.

Why did Henry change from using the Exchequer system to the Chamber system?

- The systems were used to collect revenue from royal property and taxes and customs.

- The Exchequer system had its own officials who were accurate and the subjects knew where they were with it, however it was slow and often dealt not with cash but with finances recorded on paper.

- The Chamber system was under the direct supervision of the King himself and used receivers and officials to get the most profit. It was part of the Royal Household and so Henry had a direct supply of cash ready as it was much faster.