Urinary and Cardiovascular Systems

These flashcards cover important vocabulary and concepts related to the urinary and cardiovascular systems as detailed in the lecture notes.

Kidney Functions

Filters nitrogenous waste, maintains balance of water, electrolytes, and acids, and secretes hormones.

Glomerulus

A tiny ball of capillaries in the nephron; where blood filtration starts.

Trigone

Triangular area at the base of the bladder, between ureters and urethra.

Renal pelvis

Funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine.

Ureter

Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Nitrogenous wastes

Waste products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

Anuria

Absence of urine.

Urinary retention

Inability to fully empty the bladder.

Nephrolithotomy

Surgical removal of kidney stones.

Albuminuria

Presence of protein (albumin) in urine.

Pyuria

Presence of pus or white blood cells in urine, indicative of a urinary tract infection.

Nephrotic syndrome

A condition involving excessive protein loss in urine.

Wilms tumor

Childhood kidney cancer.

BUN test

Measures blood urea nitrogen to assess kidney function.

Nephrocalcinosis

Calcium deposits in the kidneys.

Lithotripsy

Utilizes sound waves to break kidney stones.

Nephropathy

General term for kidney disease.

Bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in urine.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst.

Pyelotomy

Incision into the renal pelvis.

Cystoscopy

Procedure to view the bladder using a scope.

-poietin

Suffix indicating stimulation of production.

Retro-

Prefix meaning backward or behind.

Cortex

Outer layer of an organ.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.

Urinary catheterization

Insertion of a tube to drain urine.

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Diastole

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

Mitral valve

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

SA node

Pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.

Coronary arteries

Arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

Cardiomyopathy

Disease affecting the heart muscle.

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein.

Aneurysm

Widening or dilation of an artery.

Cyanosis

Bluish skin due to lack of oxygen.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to tissue.

Myocardial infarction

Medical term for a heart attack.

Angina

Chest pain due to low oxygen.

Arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat.

Congenital heart disease

Heart conditions present at birth.

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)

Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A four-part congenital heart defect.

Patent

Open or unobstructed.

Essential hypertension

High blood pressure with no known cause.

Digoxin

Medication that strengthens and slows down the heartbeat.

Echocardiography (ECHO)

Uses sound waves to image the heart.

Phlebotomy

The process of drawing blood from a vein.

Endarterectomy

Surgical procedure to remove plaque from an artery.

Holter monitor

A 24-hour ECG used to detect arrhythmias.

A-fib

Rapid and irregular contractions of the atria.

Embolus

A traveling clot or blockage in blood vessels.

Flutter

A rapid but regular heartbeat.

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

A condition where the heart fails to pump effectively.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the heart's lining.

Mitral valve prolapse

A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly.

Raynaud’s disease

A condition resulting in poor circulation in the fingers.

Murmur

An unusual heart sound caused by turbulent blood flow.

Systemic circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device)

A mechanical pump used to support heart function.

Beta-blockers

Medications that lower heart rate and blood pressure.

Acute coronary syndrome

A term describing a range of conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow to the heart.

Vena cava

The largest vein in the body.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where exchange of substances occurs.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by plaque buildup in the arteries.

Sclerosis

The hardening of tissue.

Sphygmomanometer

An instrument used to measure blood pressure.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

A test that measures the heart's electrical activity.