Biochemistry Functional groups

Methyl

-a carbon with 3 hydrogens attached

Ethyl

-a chain of 2 carbons saturated with hydrogens

Phenyl

-a benzene ring

Aldehyde

-a carbonyl bonded to a hydrogen

Ketone

-a carbonyl bonded to an R group on either side

-commonly found in the middle of an alkyl chain

Carboxylate

-a carbonyl group bonded to an O⁻

Hydroxyl (alcohol)

-aan R group bonded to an OH

Enol

-a carbon-carbon double bond with an OH attached

Ether

-an oxygen that links two R groups together

Ester

-a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen with R groups on either side

Acetyl

-a carbonyl group bonded to a methyl group

Anhydride (2 carboxylic acids)

-two carbonyl groups connected by an oxygen

Amino (protonated)

-a nitrogen bonded to an R group and saturated with hydrogens

Amido

-a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group

Imine

-a carbon that is double-bonded to an NH

N-Substituted imine or Schiff base

-a carbon-nitrogen double bond with 3 R groups attached

Guanidinium

-a carbon bonded to three amino groups (one is attached by a double bond)

-has resonance

Imidazole

-a five-member ring consisting of carbons and nitrogens with two double bonds

-found in the amino acid histidine

Sulfhydryl or thiol

-an R group bonded to an SH

Disulfide

-two sulfurs bonded together

Thioester

-a carbonyl group bonded to a sulfur with R groups on either side

Phosphoryl

-a phosphate bonded to 3 oxygens (one is attached by a double bond) and an OH

Phosphoanhydride

-2 phosphoryl groups bonded together via an oxygen

Mixed anhydride or acyl phosphate (carboxylic acid and phosphoric acid)

-a carbonyl group bonded to a phosphoryl group