Muscles of the Thoracic Limb

Flexor muscles of the shoulder joint. English (Latin)

m. subscapularis
m. teres major
m. teres minor
m. deltoideus
m. infraspinatus

Origin subscapular

subscapular fossa

Insertion subscapular

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Innervation subscapular

nn. subscapulares

Function subscapular

Extensor and flexor of shoulder joint

Origin Major teres

Caudal margin of scapula

Insertion Major teres

Teres major tuberosity

Innervation major teres

n. axillaris

Function major teres

Flexor of the shoulder joint and adduction of the limb

Origin minor teres

caudal margin of scapula

Insertion minor teres

Teres minor tuberosity.

Innervation minor teres

n. axillaris

Function minor teres

Flexes shoulder joint

Origin Deltoid

pars scapularis from spine of scapula and pars acrominalis from acromion

Insertion deltoid

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Innervation deltoid

n. axillaris

Function deltoid

Flexor of shoulder joint, abduction and rotation

Origin Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa and spine of scapula

Insertion infraspinatus

greater tubercle of humerus

Innervation infraspinatus

n. supscapularis

Function infraspinatus

Flexor and extensor of shoulder joint, outward rotation and abduction of limb

Extensor muscles of the shoulder joint. English (Latin)

m. supraspinatus
m. corocobrachialis

Origin supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion supraspinatus

greater and lesser tubercle

Innervation supraspinatus

n. subscapularis

Function supraspinatus

Flexor and extensor of shoulder joint

Origin corachobrachial

coracoid process of scapula

Insertion corachobrachial

Teres major tuberosity and further distal on medial aspect of humerus

Innervation corachobrachial

n. musculocutaneus

Function corachobrachial

outward rotation and adduction

Flexor muscles of the elbow joint. English (Latin)

m. brachialis
m. biceps brachii

Origin brachial

Humerus, just distal to humeral neck

Insertion brachial

Radial and ulnar tuberosities

Innervation brachial

n. musculocutaneus

Function brachial

Flexor of elbow joint

Origin biceps

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.

Insertion biceps

Stronger head into coronoid process of ulna and weaker into radial tuberosity.

Innervation biceps

n. musculocutaneus

Function biceps

Flexes the elbow joint and extends the shoulder joint. Stabilizes shoulder joint during standing or the stance phase of locomotion.

Extensor muscles of the elbow joint. English (Latin)

m. triceps brachii
m. tensor fasciae antebrachii
m. anconeus

Origin triceps

Long head: caudal border of scapula
Lateral head: deltoid tuberosity
Medial head: medial aspect of humerus
Accessory head: caudal part of the neck of humerus

Insertion triceps

olecranon

Innervation triceps

n. radialis

Function triceps

Extensor, flexor and stabilizer of elbow, flexor of shoudler

Origin tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia

aponeurosis from latissimus dorsi

Insertion tensor of the antebrachial fascia

antebrachial fascia

Innervation tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia

n. radialis

Function tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia

Tensor of antebrachial fascia. Extensor of the elbow.

Origin anconeus

Distal on humerus and humeral epicondyles.

Insertion anconeus

Lateral on olecranon.

Innervation anconeus

n. radialis

Function anconeus

Extends elbow joint.

Flexor muscles of the wrist and fingers. English (Latin)

m. flexor carpi radialis
m. flexor carpi ulnaris
m. flexor digitorum superficialis
m. flexor digitorum profundus

Origin Radial flexor muscle of the carpus (flexor carpi radialis)

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion Radial flexor of the carpus (flexor carpi radialis)

Palmar aspect of metacarpals II and III

Innervation Radial flexor of the carpus (flexor carpi radialis)

n. medianus

Function Radial flexor muscle of the carpus (flexor carpi radialis)

Flexor of carpal joints

Origin Ulnar flexor of the carpus (flexor carpi ulnaris)

humeral head - medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar head - olecranon

Insertion Ulnar flexor of the carpus (flexor carpi ulnaris)

Accessory carpal bone

Innervation Ulnar flexor muscle of the carpus (flexor carpi ulnaris)

n. ulnaris

Function Ulnar flexor muscle of the carpus (flexor carpi ulnaris)

Flexor of the carpus and supinator of limb in car

Origin Superficial digital flexor

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion Superficial digital flexor (flexor digitorum superficialis)

middle phalanx of each functional digit

Innervation Superficial digital flexor (flexor digitorum superficialis)

n. ulnaris et n. medianus (Ca)

Function Superficial digital flexor (flexor digitorum superficialis)

Flexor of forefoot and stabilizes fetlock joint

Origin Deep digital flexor (flexor digitorum profundus)

Humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus
Radial head: caudal surface of radius
Ulnar head: caudal aspect of olecranon

Insertion Deep digital flexor (flexor digitorum profundus)

Palmar aspect of distal phalanx of each functional digit

Innervation Deep digital flexor (flexor digitorum profundus)

n. ulnaris et n. medianus

Function Deep digital flexor (flexor digitorum profundus)

flexor of forefoot

Extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers. English (Latin)

m. extensor carpi radialis
m. extensor carpi ulnaris
m. extensor digitorum communis
m. extensor digitorum lateralis
m. abductor policis longus
m. extensor indicis proprius - Car
m. extensor policis longus - Car

Origin Radial extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi radialis)

Lateral humeral epicondyle and lateral epicondylar crest

Insertion Radial extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi radialis)

Proximal extremity of metacarpals 2 and 3

Innercation Radial extensor of the carpus (extensor carpi radialis)

n. radialis

Function Radial extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi radialis)

Extends and fixes the carpal joint. Flexes the elbow joint.

Origin Ulnar extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi ulnaris)

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion Ulnar extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi ulnaris)

proximal end of V metacarpal

Innervation Ulnar extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi ulnaris)

n. radialis

Function Ulnar extensor muscle of the carpus (extensor carpi ulnaris)

Abductor of forearm and flexor of carpal joint

Origin Common digital extensor (extensor digitorum communis)

lateral humeral epicondyle and lateral collateral ligament of elbow joint.

Insertion Common digital extensor (extensor digitorum communis)

Distal phalanx of each functional digit.

Innervation Common digital extensor (extensor digitorum communis)

n. radialis

Function Common digital extensor (extensor digitorum communis)

Extends carpal and digital joints

Origin Lateral digital extensor (extensor digitorum lateralis)

Lateral collateral ligament, lateral tuberosity of the proximal radius

Insertion Lateral digital extensor (extensor digitorum lateralis)

distal, middle and proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Innervation Lateral digital extensor (extensor digitorum lateralis)

n. radialis

Function Lateral digital extensor (extensor digitorum lateralis)

Extends carpal and phalangeal joints of lateral digits

Origin Long abductor muscle of the 1st digit (abductor policis longus)

lateral border of the radius and ulna

Insertion Long abductor muscle of the 1st digit (abductor policis longus)

metacarpal 1

Innervation Long abductor muscle of the 1st digit (abductor policis longus)

n. radialis

Function Long abductor muscle of the 1st digit (abductor policis longus)

Extends the carpus and abducts the first digit in carnivores.

Origin Proper extensor muscle of the 2nd digit (extensor indicis proprius)

Craniolateral border of ulna

Insertion Proper extensor muscle of the 2nd digit (extensor indicis proprius)

Metacarprophalangeal joint of digit two

Innervation Proper extensor muscle of the 2nd digit (extensor indicis proprius)

n. radialis

Function Proper extensor muscle of the 2nd digit (extensor indicis proprius)

Extension of digit two

Origin Long extensor muscle of the first digit (extensor policis longus)

Craniolateral border of ulna

Insertion Long extensor muscle of the first digit (extensor policis longus)

Metacarpophalangeal joint of digit one.

Innervation Long extensor muscle of the first digit (extensor policis longus)

n. radialis

Function Long extensor muscle of the first digit (extensor policis longus)

Extension and adduction of the first digit

Short flexor muscles of the fingers. English (Latin)

Interosseus (mm. interossei)
Lumberical (mm. lumbericales) - m. flexor policis brevis, m. adductor policis brevis, m. abductor policis brevis, m. adductor digiti II brevis, m. adductor digiti IV brevis, m. flexor digiti V brevis, m. adductor digiti V brevis)

Interosseous muscles function

Middle (suspensory ligament) - proximal support of the fetlock