Chapter 5 Osteology Bryce LaRoche

What are the five major functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and production of blood cells.

What are the two most protected organs in the body?

The brain and spinal cord

What are ligaments?

The things that hold the bones together

What are tendons?

Connects the muscles to the bones

What does hematopoiesis mean?

Blood creation

Which parts of the body are most active in producing blood cells in adults?

The vertebra, sternum, and ribs

What’s the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

The Axial skeleton is the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage while the Appendicular skeleton is the limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.

How many bones are in the skull?

29

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

26

How many bones are in the ribcage?

25

How many total bones are in the Axial skeleton?

80

How many total bones are in the Appendicular skeleton.

126

How many total bones are in the human skeleton?

206

What are sutures?

Non movable joints between bones.

What are fontanels?

Uncalcified angles of the parietal bones (soft spots) 

What does para mean?

With

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

Frontal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, and Maxillary sinus

What does the auditory tube (eustachian canal) connect to?

It connects to the throat

What are the three ossicles?

The malleus, incus, and stapes.

What are two things that cause facial growth?

The eruption of the teeth and the enlargement of the air sinuses.

What does congenital mean?

With birth

What is achondroplastic dwarfism?

The classic version of dwarfism where there is a deficiency in growth hormone in children.

What is cleft lip?

An incomplete fusion of the maxillae.

How frequent is cleft lip?

1/1000 births

What is cleft palate?

Partial or complete failure of the palatine process of the maxillae to fuse together.

How frequent is cleft palete?

1/2500 births

What does dactyly mean?

fingers or “digits”

What is spina Bifida?

An incomplete fusion for the vertebral (neural) archea of the vertebrae.

What is a club foot?

A condition where the sole of the foot is turned inward at the ankle

What is congenital hip dislocation?

The acetabulum of the hip is not large enough to hold the head of the femur in place.

What is ricketts?

Decreased calcium content in the intercellular matrix of the bone tissue leading to scoliosis and bowed legs.

What are symptoms of ricketts?

Softening of the bones leading to scoliosis and bowed legs.

What causes rickets?

Deficiencies in vitamin D, usually children

What is osteoporosis?

Decreased calcium content in the intercellular matrix of bone tissue.

What are symptoms of osteoporosis?

Brittle bones that are easily broken

What causes osteoporosis?

Usually menopause in elderly women

What is acromegaly?

Increased thickening of bones, especially in the lower jaw and hands.

Whats the name of the disorder that causes excess growth hormone in children?

Gigantism

How do simple (closed) fractures look?

The skin does not break

How do compound (open) fractures look?

The skin breaks

What are incomplete fractures?

Stress fractures, where the bone does not break completely through

What are comminuted fractures?

Occurs when a bone breaks into three or more pieces creating multiple fragments.

What are osteomas?

Benign bone tumors

What is osteosarcomas?

Malignant bone tumors.

What is the description of a fissure?

A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

What is the description of a foramen?

An opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

What is a meatus?

A tubelike opening

What are paranasal tissues?

Tissues with the nose.

What is a groove or sulcus?

Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

What is a fossa?

A shallow depression

Where is the frontal bone?

On the forehead.

What are the suborbital foramina?

The openings for nerves and blood vessels

What is the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?

The portion for the frontal bone that articulates with the zygomatic (cheek) bone

What is the occipital bone?

An external occipital protuberance on the back of the head

What are the external occipital protuberances?

Bumps at the base of the skull

Where can you only find the frontal suture?

On fetal skulls

What happens on the occipital condyles?

The Atlas bone articulates with the occipital bone

What goes through the foramen Magnum?

The spinal cord and vertebral arteries.

What are vertebral arteries?

Arteries which conduct blood or the brain.

What do the grooves for the sigmoid sinus do?

Conduct blood through the jugular foramina into the internal jugular veins

What is the bony area around the external auditory meatus?

Tympanic portion

Where is the mastoid air sinus located?

In the mastoid process

What is the medical term for ear canal?

External auditory meatus

What passes through the jugular foramen?

The glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX), the Vagus Nerve (X), the Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) and the Internal Jugular Vein.

What does the styloid process mean?

Needle like

What does the mastoid process mean?

Rock like

What is the Maxilla?

The upper jaw

What are alveolar processes?

Tooth sockets

What is the zygomatic bone?

The cheek bone

What is the Crista galli?

The superior portion of the ethmoid bone that projects into the cranial cavity

Where is the Crista galli located?

The cranial cavity

What are olfactory foramina?

The holes in the cribriform plate that go through the olfactory nerves

What is sella turcica?

The “Turkish saddle” which holds the pituitary gland, tuberculum sellae, hypophyseal fossa, and dorsum sellae. It’s a concavity in the medical region of the greater wings

What is the pituitary gland known as?

The master gland

What is in the sella turcica?

The pituitary gland

What goes through the opic canals?

Optic nerves (II) and ophthalmic arteries

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerves

What goes through the foramen ovale?

The Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerves (V3)

What goes through the foramen lacerum?

The internal carotid arteries

What is the pterygoid process?

The portion of the sphenoid bone that forms the posterior part of the hard palate.

How many bones make up the nasal bones?

Two thin bones.

What are lacrimal bones?

The bones located right at the lower medical corners of the eye sockets

What goes through the nasal lacrimal canal?

The canals which excess tear pass down to the nasal cavities

What is the hard palate?

The roof of the mouth

What bone forms the nasal septum?

The vomer

What does septum mean?

A partition separating two chambers

What is the body of the mandible?

The chin region

What goes through the mental foramen

Nerves and blood vessels

What does ramus mean?

“branch”, forms the angles of the jaw

What is the condyloid process

The thick rounded portion of the mandible that articulates with the (mandibular fossa of the) temporal bone (forming the temporal-mandibular joint [TMJ])

What forms the temporal-mandibular joint?

The condyloid process

What is the coronoid process?

The thin, pointed anterior projection of the mandible, for the attachment of muscles

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Between the mandible and larynx

What does the hyoid bone connect to?

The styloid process of the temporal bone via ligaments

What two things make up the vertebral arch?

The pedicles and Laminae

What is the spinous process?

The portion of the spin that serves at the location for the attachment of ligaments and muscles

What goes through the vertebral foramen?

The spinal cord

What is a laminectomy?

The surgical name for the removal of the lamina for spinal cord surgery

What are intervertebral foramina?

The holes formed between the articulating vertebrae

What goes through the intervertebral foramina?

Spinal Nerves that branch off from the spinal cord