Coordination + Control

What is homeostasis?

A state of balance among all body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

What does negative feedback refer to?

A regulatory mechanism in which the body produces a response opposite to a change.

What are receptors?

Specialised cells and organs that detect change.

What is an effector?

A muscle, gland, or organ that responds to a message sent by the nervous or endocrine system.

What is the purpose of glands in the endocrine system?

Tissues that secrete hormones.

What is a hormone?

A chemical secreted by a gland that triggers a response in certain cells.

What is a neuron?

A specialised cell that makes up the nervous system.

What is a synapse?

The gap between the axon and the dendrite of two neighbouring neurons.

What is cellular respiration?

The process that all living things use to produce cellular energy from glucose and oxygen.

What does diffusion mean?

To move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is gas exchange?

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.

What happens when receptors respond to stimuli?

They send messages to different body systems to trigger changes.

What two systems send messages through chemical and electrical signals?

The endocrine and nervous systems.

What consists of the central nervous system (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What is the role of sensory neurons?

To lead away from the receptor towards the CNS.

What is the role of motor neurons?

To lead signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

What occurs at the synapses?

Neurotransmitters are released to stimulate the next neuron.

In the stimulus-response model, what is the receptor for a hot flame?

Thermoreceptor.

What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?

The 'master gland'.

What is the worded equation for cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy.

What are alveoli?

Tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs.

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It flattens and moves downwards.

What are the functions of sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons?

Sensory neurons transmit information to the CNS, interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS, and motor neurons transmit information from the CNS to effector organs.

What does the frontal lobe of the brain control?

Higher-order thinking.

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

Visual processing.

What part of the brain is responsible for unconscious body functions?

The brain stem.

Which lobe is responsible for auditory processing?

Temporal lobe.