APUSH UNIT 4

Unit 4 of APUSH

Jeffersons Presidency

Jeffersons Presidency

1801-1809

• Reduced size of military, repealed excise taxes, lowered national debt

• Maintained nation bank and neutrality

• Adopted loser intepretation of constitution Purchased Louisiana Territory

• Vision of agrarian society of farmers

• Marbury vs. Madison

• Suspend alien and sedition act

• Embargo act

Embargo Act

• 1807

• closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain

• Hurt US economy and led to smuggling of goods.

Madisons Presidency

• 1809 – March 4, 1817

• Election of 1808 - Federalist gained more seats in congress as results of embargo

• Non intercourse Act - repeal of embargo acts america can trade with an nation other than britian and dreance

• War of 1812

War of 1812

• British presence on the western frontier and interference with US expansion

• Brtish allied with natives such as Tecumseh

• War Hawks- major supporters of war

• New england merchants, quids and federalist politicians were against the war because they feared losing trading relationships, sympathized with british

• Federalist party came to an end due to its opposition to the war and their gathering at the Fartford convention planning to go back to britian.

• After- Natives were forced to cede land, U.S. gained more respect. moved toward industrial self sufficeny, jackson emerged as a war hero.

War Hawks

• Democratic-Republicanas led by Clay & Calhoun - argued that the only way to defend American honor was to go to war with Britain & destroy Native resistance

Era of Good Feelings

• End of partisan division & the Federalist party 

• Spirit of nationalism & optimism 

• Sectional tensions over slavery

• Monroe represented the growing nationalism of Americans - younger American believed the nation was entering an era of unlimited prosperity

• Patriotic themes infused in art, literature, etc.

• 1815-1825

Monroe Presidency

• 1817 to 1825

• raise tariffs to protect Us manufacturers

• used American System by Henry Clay

• Panic of 1819 - caused second bank tightening credit to control inflaton

• Missouri Compromise- prohibit slavery north of the latitude 36 degrees

• Treaty of 1811

• Florida purchase due to treaty of 1819

• Monroe Doctrine

American System

• proposed by Henry Clay

• implemented after war of 1812

• protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements

• individual states make internal improvements on their own

•  Monroe vetoed because he believed the Constitution did not give the federal government power for internal improvements 

The Missouri Compromise

• 1820

• Congress attempting to preserve a sectional balance between the North & South 

• Admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as a free state, prohibit slavery North of the latitude 36 degrees 

• Preserved sectional balance for about 30 years

• Americans torn between feelings of nationalism & sectionalism

Treaty of 1811

improved relations between the US & Britain - established the western US-Canada boundary line

Marshall Court Cases

• Marshal was a federalist and usually made rulings based on federalist beliefs

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease - Supreme Court had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

• McCulloch v. Maryland - state could not tax a federal institution 

• Cohens v. Virginia - Supreme court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government 

Second Great Awakening

• 1795-1835

• Religious revivals swept through the United States in the early 19th century

• Reaction against rationalism and Calvinist (Puritan) teachings of original sin and predestination 

• Successful preachers we're easily understood by the uneducated - spoke about the opportunity for salvation for all

• Preachers like Charles Finney appealed to people’s by the belief that individuals could be saved through faith & hard work

• Baptist & Methodist preachers (Peter Cartwright) travel to different locations & attract thousands to hear their preaching at revivals - by 1850, Baptists & Methodists were the largest Protestant denomination

• Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 - beliefs based on the book of Scripture - forced to move west near the Great Salt Lake in Utah

• Second Great Awakening caused division between the new, evangelical sects & the older Protestant churches 

Transcendentalism

• 1830 to 1860

• Romanticism - writers & artists shifted away from Enlightenment emphasis on balance, order, & reason toward feeling, intuition, individual acts of heroism, & the study of nature 

• Writers Emerson & Thoreau questioned the doctrines of churches & business practices of the merchant class - argued for a mystical & intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one’s inner self & looking for the essence of God in nature

  • Supported antislavery movements

Ralph Waldo Emerson on Transcendtalism

• Emerson - encouraged a nationalstic spirit of Americans by urging to create a distinctive American culture

  • Argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, & the primacy or spiritual matters 

Henry David Thoreau on transcendentalism

• Thoreau - used observation of nature to discover essential truths about life & the universe 

  • Essays and actions would inspire the nonviolent movements of both Mohandas Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr.

New harmony community

-1825

-pursued Christian perfection through every aspect of their daily conduct and created a highly ordered and productive community

Oneida community

-1848

Oneida Community was a Perfectionist communal society dedicated to living as one family and to sharing all property, work, and love

Arts and Literature

• 1800-1848

• painting - portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people 

• Hudson River School(1825) - expressed romantic age’s fascination with the natural world

• Architecture - adapted Greek styles to glorify the democratic spirit of the republic 

  • Columed facades on public buildings, banks, hotels, & some private homes

• Literature - American people became more eager to read works of American authors about American themes

Reforming society

• Temprence - movement by reformers and protestant ministers to make people abstain from drinking.

• Humanitarian Reforms- called attention to the increasing number of criminals & emotionally disturbed persons

  Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions, mental hospitals, & state-supported prisons

• Social reforms for public schools for children

Temperance

• - Because of social ills & high alcohol consumption, reformers & Protestant ministers founded the American Temperance Society(1826)

  • Society tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence 

  • Washingtonians - argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed treatment

  • German & Irish immigrants opposed - lacked political power to prevent governments from passing reforms

Social reforms

• Many educational reformers wanted children to learn moral principles

• Roman Catholics founded private schools for the instruction of Catholic children

Changing Social Structures - Womens Rights

• Cult of Domesticity(1820-1860) - idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home

• Seneca Falls Convention - first women’s rights convention in American history - issued the Declaration of Sentiments & listed women’s grievances

• Stanton & Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, & property rights for women 

• In the 1850s, issues of women’s rights was overshadowed by the crisis of slavery

Changing Social Structures Slvaery

• Second Great Awakening led many Christians to view slavery as a sin

• William Loyd Garrison - began the radical abolitionist movement - advocated immediate abolition of slavery

  • Founded the American Antislavery Society (1833)

• Liberty Party - campagin pledge to bring about the end of slavery by political & legal means

• Frederick Douglass - advocated both political & direct action to end slavery & racial prejudice 

• Nat Turner - led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed

  • Hundred of African Americans killed to put down revolt 

  • Fear of future uprisings put an end to antislavery talk in the South

Innovations in technology

• Erie canal - link western farms with eastern citie started canal building other states

• Improved transportation = lower food prices, more immigrants settling in the West, stronger economic ties between the two sections

• steamboat lines made round-trip shipping faster & cheaper

• Railroads changed western towns into booming towns & created rapid rlinks between cities

• As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking & insurance 

• Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young women - easy management because the women lived on site - 1830s other factories imitated the Lowell system 

• Northern manufacturers began to employ immigrants

Inventors

Eli Whiteney cotton gin in 1793 & devised a system for making rifles with a system of interchangeable parts - basis of mass production methods in Northern factories

Samuel Slater helped establish the first US factory in 1791 - embargo and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing

Market Revolution

• 1820-1830

• Factories-most people worked for bosses/ wages, & the end of self-sufficient households

• Women gained relatively more control over their lives - still limited by legal restrictions (couldn’t vote)

• Gap between the wealthy and the poor grew 

• Social mobility occured from between generations - economic opportunities in the US were greater than in Europe 

• Rapid growth of the cotton industry & the expansion of slavery into new states increased the amount of slaves & ended hopes for a quiet end to slavery

• Long hours, low pay, & poor working conditions led to discontent among factory workers 

• Canals and railroads opened new markets 

North

• Connected by transportation routes to the west

• Economic growth commercial farming and industrial innovation

• Agriculture was still prominent

• high birth rate and increased immigration

• Workers organized both unions and local political parties 

• Improvements limited by periodic depressions, hostile unions, and cheap labor

• Slums expanded

• African americans in the north represented 50% of all free African Americans - still faced racial discrimination & no voting rights

South

• Agriculture foundation of Southern economy 

• By 1850s - cotton provided two-thirds of all US exports - linked South and Britain

• Wealth was measured in terms of land and slaves

• In the deep south, slaves made up of 75% of the total population

• increased restrictions on movement and education to their slave codes

• Cotton boom responsible for an increase in slaves

• Planter aristocracy maintained power by dominating state legislatures - enacted laws that favored the large landholders’ economic interests

• isolated and defensive about slavery

• Feudal society

West

• Land that lay beyond the Mississippi River and reached to California and the Oregon Territory

• Vast majority of Natives were living west of the Mississippi River

• Nomadic way of lay for many Native tribes - could more easily oppose settlers

• In the public eye, the west represented he possibility of a fresh start and greater freedom for all ehtnic groups

• Daily life of frontier people was similar to early colonists - diseases and malnutrition were common dangers

• Frontier people exhausted soil and cleared forests - little understanding of the fragility of nature and the wildlife

Land Gains

• Louisiana Purchase - US gainst western territory

• Adam Onis Treaty - US aqcquired florida from spain

• Treaty of ghent - British US canadian border.

• Constantly lowered land prices to encouage migration

War of 1812

• fought to gain control of western territories from british presence

• british allied and armed native americans encouraging resistance against colonists.

Monroe Doctrine

Native American Removal

• War of 1812 caused creeks to ceede millions of acres.

• jackson supported georgian frontier against the cherokee.

• Jackson made the indial Removal act of 1830

Indian Removal Act of 1830

•  Andrew JAckson

• “asked” Natives east of the Mississippi to move to dedicated land for Native Americans 

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Cherokee were not a sovereign nation - under the federal government

  Worcester v. Georgia - a state had no right to tell the Cherokee what to do - it was a federal matter

  Andrew Jackson openly defied the Supreme Court ruling

Trail of Tears

1830-1850

caused 3,000 cherokee to die when forced to relocate during winter

Manifest Destiny

• expressed belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power & civilization across North America

• Enthusiasm for expansion drives by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, & reform ideals

Conflicts over Texas

• By 1830, Americans outnumbered Mexicans in Texas by three to one

• 1829 - Mexicans outlawed slavery & required all america to convert to Roman Catholicism 

• When American’s refused, Mexico closes Texas to additional American immigrants 

• American from Southern states ignored Mexican prohibition 

• General Antionio Lopez made himself dictator -- American settlers led by Sam Houston revolted & declared Texas to be an independent republic

• Sam Hourston captured Mexican general & applied for Texas to be added to the United States as a new state - Jackson & Van Buren put off annexation

  • John Tyler worked to annex Texas - US senate rejected his treaty of annexation in 1844

  • Northerners opposed to the annexation of Texas

Causes of Mexican War

• Polk wanted Slidell to…

  • Persuade Mexico to sell the California & New Mexico territories to the US

  • Settle the disputed Mexico-Texas border 

• Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande & captured an American army - killing 11

  • Congress approved war resolutions

  • 1846

Mexican War

• war between mexico and US over land disputes

• General Stephen Kearney succeeded in taking Santa Fe & southern California 

• General Winfield Scott’s army succeeded in taking Vera Cruz & then captured Mexico City in 1847

  • Mexican government was forced agree to US terms 

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Ended war

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

• Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

• United States took possession of California & New Mexico - US paid $15 million & assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico

Debate over expansion of slavery

• Acquisition of vast western lands renewed sectional debate over the extension of slavery

  • Northerners viewed the war with Mexico as part of a Southern plot to extend the “slave power”

  • Many Southerners we're dissatisfied with the territorial gains from the Mexican war - most eagerly sought possibility was the acquisition of Cuba

  • Cotton gin & opportunity for land expansion that resulted from the Lousiana Purchase & the War of 1812 resulted in the expansion of slavery & the creation of the “Deep South”

Anti Slavery movements

• Antislavery movements increased in the North 

  • abolitionist such as Douglass 

  • Southern argument - slavery as a “positive good” - the argument that Southerners took better care of enslaved people than the North did of industrial workers

  • John C Calhoun slavery was a ““peculiar institution”“

Missouri Compromise

• Henry Clay created the Missouri Compromise

  • Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state - no future slavery north of the 36 degree 30’ line - helped to temporarily balance sectionalism between the North and South