Anatomy Final fall (Taylor's Version)

Which organelle makes the most ATP in the cell?

mitochodria

Which organelle is the sight of protein synthesis?

ribosomes

Which organelle is a bundle of microtubules and aids in Mitosis?

centriole

Where is most of the RNA found in the cell?

the nucleus

How does glucose, a monosaccharide, enter a cell?

carrier proteins

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium. Is this phagocytosis or pinocytosis?

phagocytosis

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium. Is this passive or active?

active

the study of the structure of the body

anatomy

the study of the functioning of the human body

physiology

Your nose is what to your lips but this in relation to your eyes?

superior and inferior

Your ears are what in relation to your eyes?

lateral

What is an organ?

a group of tissues working together

What is histology?

study of tissues

Without this enzyme, to breakdown acetylcholine, a muscle cell would stay contracted:

acetylcholinesterase

What are major tasks of the muscular system?

posture, movement, and heat production

What continues on to become tendon, which continues on to become the periosteum of the bone?

epimyeseium

This loves calcium and causes a conformational change in Tropomyosin:

troponin

What is better for fine movements, small or large motor neurons?

small motor neurons

An individual muscle fiber contracts with equal force in response to each action potential. What is this called?

law of skeletal muscle contraction

A stimulus that is strong enough to create one action potential, complete contraction of one motor unit is called what?

threshold stimulus

A stimulus that is strong enough to create action potentials in all the motor neurons innervating a whole muscle is called what?

maximal stimulus

A stimulus that is too small to create an action potential in a neuron and no contraction occurs is called what?

subthreshold stimulus

What is the state of partial contraction in a muscle, even when the muscle is not being used (some of the motor units are recruited)?

muscle tone

What is it called when muscles are stiff because there is not enough ATP?

rigor mortis

Two muscles beside each other that do not contract at the same time are not:

part of the same motor unit

If calcium ions are diffusing across the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what is occuring?

muscle contraction

If lactic acid is building up, what type of respiration is occuring?

anaerobic

How much ATP is generated trough Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC?

36

Where would you expect to find skeletal muscle tissue?

legs

Where would you expect to find smooth muscle tissue?

organs

Where would you expect to find cardiac muscle tissue?

heart

What is the antagonist to the Biceps muscle?

triceps brachii

What is a correct statement regarding a muscle's point(s) of origin?

it is connected to the most stationary bone

What important tissue that extends from the inferior portion of the Xiphoid to the Symphysis Pubis?

linea alba

What is a correct statement regarding a muscle's point(s) of insertion?

it is connected to the bone that moves the most

How are muscles named?

by origin, insertion, size, shape, orientation of muscle fascicles, location, number of heads, and function

If Sodium ions are rushing into the cell what is occuring?

depolarization

What is the primary intracellular cation of the cells?

potassium

What is the primary extracellular cation of the cells?

sodium

When Potassium ions enter into the cell what and the cell becomes more negative, what is occuring?

hyperpolarization

Collections of neuron cell bodies which are outside of the CNS

ganglia

Action potentials are:

all or nothing

The action of this component of the ANS is Increase in heart rate and strength of contraction, and elevation of blood pressure:

sympathetic nervous system

What are the basic types of nervous system cells?

neurons and neuroglia

The action of this component of the ANS regulates resting and nutrition-related functions such as digestion, defecation, and urination:

autonomic nervous system

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the system that increases heart rate and strength, raises blood pressure?

epinephrine

These cells without cilia produce cerebrospinal fluid, to keep homogeneous:

non-ciliated ependymal cells

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the system that regulates resting/nutrition related functions such as digestion, defecation, and urination?

Ach

How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain?

12

Intensity of a feeling depends not on the size of the action potential, but on the ______ of action potentials.

frequency

Which nerves originate from the spinal cord?

spinal nerves

Which neurons transmit action potentials from sensory organs to CNS?

afferent neurons

Which system transmits action potentials from CNS to skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

Which neurons conducts action potentials from one neuron to another within CNS?

association neurons

Neuroglia that secrete cerebrospinal fluid:

ependymal cells

Neuroglia that form the blood-brain barrier:

astrocytes

Shiny wrapping that covers a nerve fascicle:

perineurium

Muscles and neurons have this because they can create an action potential in response to a stimulus:

excitability

Neuron arrangement so that many neurons lead to 1 neuron (output)

convergent pathway

An action potential travels along an axon by skipping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. What is this kind of conduction called?

saltatory conduction

At a synapse, the release of neurotransmitters results in an opening of potassium channels at the postsynaptic membrane. What type of synapse is this?

inhibitory synapse

A signal originates in one receptor and ends up creating action potentials in many different places in the CNS and PNS. What kind of neuron arrangement did it pass through?

divergent

collections of nerve cell bodies and their neuroglia

gray matter

bundles of parallel axons and their sheaths

white matter

crossing over of impulses

decussation

major area of decussation

medulla oblongata

What is it called when a blood clot cuts off blood supply to part of the brain?

ischemic stroke

lack of oxygen to the brain

hypoxia

hills in the cerebrum

gyri

allows the right and left hemisphere to communicate with each other

corpus callosum

part of brain that regulates body temperature and controls the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

open areas in the brain that have cerebrospinal fluid

ventricles

What three parts of the brain make up the brainstem?

pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain

what two parts of the brain make up the diencephalon?

hypothalmus and thalamus

grooves into cerebrum

sulci

what part of the brain controls subconscious motor function, equilibrium, and muscle contraction sequencing?

thalamus

What lobe of the cerebrum deals mostly with concentration, judgement, emotional expression?

frontal

what does the occipital lobe do?

sight

Which of the meninges is the "tough" outer covering?

dura mater

What is the fluid called that bathes the spinal cord and brain?

CSF/cerebrospinal fluid

Which ventricle continues on to become the central canal of the spinal colomn?

4th

Which of the meninges has blood vessels running through it?

arachnoid mater

What area of the brain is primarily responsible for Parkinson's?

substantia nigra

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

higher thinking, reasoning, and creativity

What is Wernike's Area responsible for?

language comprehension

What is Broca's area responsible for?

motor production of speech

Collections of neuron cell bodies which are outside of the CNS:

ganglia

Where would you find stratified squamous in the human body?

skin, epidermis

Where would you find simple squamous in the human body?

lungs

Where would you find transitional tissue in the human body?

bladder

Where would you find simple cuboidal tissue in the human body?

kidney

Where would find dense regular connective tissue in the human body?

tendons

What is the name for a mature cartilage cell?

chondrocyte

What is the function of transitional tissue?

stretches

Where would you find simple columnar tissue in the human body?

stomach

What is the function of simple squamous tissue?

diffusion

What is the function of simple cuboidal tissue?

secretion and absorption

What is the function of stratified squamous tissue?

strength and protection

What is the function of simple columnar tissue?

forms a barrier to water, pathogens, and UV radiation

Where would you find pseudostratified columnar tissue in the human body?

trachea