Encoding and Storing Memory

Mnemonic Devices

any kind of memory system or aid

Method of Loci

a mnemonic technique that works by placing an image of each item to be remembered at particular points along an imaginary journey through a location

Chunking

information bits grouped (chunked) into larger units

Hierarchies

a system or structure in which elements are ranked or organized in order of importance or level

Massed Practice

cramming or intense studying done within a short period without any significant breaks

Distributed Practice (Spaced Practice)

learning over time with breaks in between

The Spacing Effect

distributed practice leads to better recall compared to massed practice

Serial Position Effect

the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items

Primacy Effect

remembering the first bits of information

Recency Effect

remembering the most recent information

Memory Consolidation

the process by which the brain transforms a temporary, newly formed memory into a more stable and long-lasting memory

Maintenance Rehearsal

repetition of information to keep it in active short-term memory (shallow processing)

Elaborative Rehearsal

a strategy that involves actively connecting new information to existing knowledge to enhance long-term retention and recall (deep processing)

Autobiographical Memory

a type of explicit memory involving personal experiences or events from one’s own life

Flashbulb Memory

a detailed memory of what one was doing during a significant or emotionally charged event