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the extraordinary episodes in which that shift of professional commitments occurs
Intellectual Revolution
transformation of the world within which scientific work was done
Intellectual Revolution
The kuhn cycle
pre science
normal science
model drift
model crisis
model revolution
paradigm change
who drew the first map of the world
anaximander
who found that the earth (cylindrical shape) floating in the center of the universe
anaximander
who is the First to suggest that the earth was a sphere
pythagoras
who made the Geocentric model (“Geocentrism”) à earth as the center of the universe
ptolemy
who found that The cosmos is made up of matter in geometric shapes
plato
who found Multiplicity of the orbits > circular paths that keep on repeating inside each other around the earth
plato
who could not make sense of retrogade motion
plato
who said that Earth was at the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies arranged in concentric crystalline spheres around it
aristotle
who made the
Heliocentric model > earth is not the center of the known universe but the sun
what book nicolaus copernicus wrote
o De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)w
who found out that the earth’s rotation causes the rising and setting of the sun and the seasons; the movements of the stars
nicolaus copernicus
earth’s rotation causes the rising and setting of the sun and the seasons; the movements of the stars
retrograde motion
who made Geoheliocentrism/Tychonic system > the earth is the fixed center with the sun and moon orbiting the earth and other planets revolving around the sun
tycho brahe
who made laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
who said that Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus
Johannes Kepler
who said that A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit
Johannes Kepler
who said that planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit
Johannes Kepler
who is the First person to observe the craters of the moon using the telescope
Galileo Galilei
Who observed the movements of the Moon,Venus, Jupiter & its satellites
galileo galilei
who discovered the existence of sunspots
galileo galilei
who is the First one to provide mathematical equations that could prove what Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler tried to explain
isaac newton
Martyred Italian monk who spread Copernicus’s theory of Heliocentrism
Giordano Bruno
Father of Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Modern CHemistry
Robert BoyleU
Utilization of Scientific Method
Robert Boyle
Supporter of empirical method and inductive reasoning
Francis Bacon
Idea of the human consciousness > “I think therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
What belief is the universe originated from “specific sets of divine creation”
pre darwinian belief
father of evolution
charles darwin
the voyager of the beagle
charles darwin
who posited that species survived through natural selection
charles darwin
a process where species adapt to the changing evironment to survive, whereas those that do not simply die out
natural selection
who coined the term modern synthesis / neo-darwinism
julian huxley
reconciling darwin’s theory of evolution with that of gregor mendel’s ideas on heredity
julian huxley
when was psychology emerged as a branch of philosophy and eventually developed into an independent scientific field
pre-freudian psychology
founded the 1st laboratory dedicated to psychological research and conducted experimental studies
wilhelm wundt
who is the first to systematically study learning and memory
herman ebbinghaus
who is the leader of the philosophical movement of pragmatism and founder of the psychological movement of functionalism
william james
who: development of the concept of the conditioned reflex (“Classical conditioning”)
ivan pavlov
founder of modern philosophy
rene descartes
who said the mind body dualism; mind-mind porblem and mind-body problem
rene descartesf
father of psychoanalysis
SIGISMUND “SIGMUND” FREUD
o “All cognitive processes are unconscious”
SIGISMUND “SIGMUND” FREUD
detailed book in the methodology of treating mental illness
“Structures of Personality”
o Unconscious aspect, untamed instincts
ID
o Present since birth, does not mature and resides within every individual as he or she ages
ID
o Operates by the pleasure principle > immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs
ID
o Judicial structure > “the sense of right and wrong”
super ego
Holds all the internalized moral standards and ideals
super ego
Reality principle > maintains the realistic and logical thinking // “referee”
ego
Balances the needs of the Id against the demands & expectations of society
ego
played an important role in addressing mental health issues to this day
psychoanalysis
WHO: · development of analytical psychology (branch of psychotherapy)
Carl Jung
Who Contradicted Freud’s emphasis on the role of sexuality in personality
carl jung
who Introduced the concepts of collective consciousness (“shared social norms”)
carl jung
who Coined the terms > “introvert” and “extrovert”
carl jung
developed a humanistic, and holistic approach to human problems (“individual psychology”)
alfred adler
Rejected Freud’s theory on the psychosexual aspect of personality
alfred adler
The method considers a person’s environment as well as the people he/she interacts with
alfred adler
Became extremely relevant in century counseling and psychiatric strategies
alfred adler
Coined the term > inferiority feeling (now widely used as,“inferiority complex”)
alfred adler
modified Freud’s psychosexual development theory into a psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
Suggested that personality develops throughout one’s lifespan – at each stage of development, there is a psychosocial task that a person must master to feel a sense of competence
Erik Erikson
Coined the term > “identity crises”
Erik Erikson
who the application of psychoanalytic principles to the remedy of cultural ills (“sane society”)
Erich Fromm
WHO: Personality problems can be traced to conflicts between human needs and societal demands – social and cultural influence on human personality (“an individual’s personality was the product of culture as well as biology”)
Erich Fromm
Note
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