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Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs designed to exchange gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blodd
Anterior vena cava
Vein of the heart receives blood from portions of the body anterior to the heart
Anus
External opening to the rectum controlled by sphincter muscles
Aorta
The largest artery in the body, bringing oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart
Atrium
One of two upper chambers of the heart; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins, and the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the anterior vena cava and posterior vena cava
Auricle
External, earlike flap composed of muscle from the atria
Bladder
Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine from the kidneys
Bronchi
The two branches of the trachea that carry gases into and out of the lungs
Bronchioles
Branches of the bronchi that no longer contain cartilage and eventually end in alveoli
Cardiac region, stomach
Region of the stomach adjacent to the cardiac sphincter that recieves food from the esophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Muscle that opens to allow food to enter the stomach and can contract to prevent food from going back up the esophogus
Chest plate
The sternum and attached ribs that cover the heart and lungs
Coronary artery
Artery supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Cortex, Kidney
The outer region of the kidney where the blood is filtered
Diaphragm
Bell-shaped muscle that seperates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
Diener
A morgue assistant who helps a medical examiner with observations and dissection
Duodenum
The beginning of the small intestine that is connected to the stomach
Esophagus
Muscular tube extending from the mouth to the stomach that transports partially digested food
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormone responsible for female sex characteristics and regulating the menstrual cycle
Fundic region, stomach
Top portion of the stomach located above the cardiac region
Gall bladder
Small, pear-shaped organ that stores bile produced by the liver until needed for digestion
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that can increase blood sugar levels when needed
Hydrochloric acid
The main component of gastric acid in the stomach
Illeocecal valve
Sphincter muscle controlling the passage
Ileum
The terminal section of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine
Insulin
Hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels by decreasing any excess glucose
Jejunum
The central portion of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
Kidney
Bean-shaped organ that filters the blood and excretes urea and water as urine
Larynx
Voice box having vocal cords which produce distinct sounds for communication
Liver
Organ at the base of the lungs that decomposes toxins and drugs as well as the waste byproducts of protein metabolism. It also stores vitamins, iron, and glycogen
Lymph nodes
Glands that collect and destroy bacteria and viruses
Meconium
Material in the digestive tract of a fetus, ingested before birth, consisting of amniotic fluid, mucous, and cells from the skin and digestive tract
Medulla, kidney
The central portion of the kidney containing the renal pyramids that empty wastes into the renal pelvis and ureter
Mesentery
Folds of membranes that hold the small intestine together and attach it to the dorsal abdominal wall
Ovaries
Female reproductive organs that produce ova and hormones
Oviduct
Tube running from the ovary to the uterus that allows eggs to be transported to the uterus
Pancreas
Digestive organ that produces insuline and pancreatic juice for digestion
Penis
Male organ for reproduction and urination
Posterior vena cava
Vein of the heart receiving blood from portions of the body posterior to the heart
Prosector
Medical examiner or forensic pathologist who conducts an autopsy to determine the cause of death
Pyloric region, stomach
Lower portion of the stomach adjacent to the pyloric sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Valve controlling the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine
Rectum
The final straight portion of the colon, just prior to the anus
Renal pelvis
Funnel-like structure that empties into the ureter
Rugae
Folds in the stomach that allow it to expand. They also contain the gastric glands for digestion
Scrotum
External sac containing the testes
Spleen
Organ lying dorsal to the stomach that is part of the lymphatic system. It destroys and recycles old red blood cells, produces antibodies, and supplies extra blood volume in emergencies
Testes
Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone
Thymus
Endocrine gland in the throat region involved with the development of the immune system
Thyroid
Endocrine gland that produces thyroxine for regulating metabolic rates
Trachea
Cartilage-lined airway leading from the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs
Umbilical cord
Tube connecting the fetus with the placenta
Ureter
Muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
Urethra
Tube through which urine from the bladder is discharged
Uterine horns
Left and right extensions of the uterus in certain mammals to accommodate large litters
Uterus
Organ in female mammals that serves as the site for fetal implantation and development
Vas deferens
Duct connecting the epididymis to the urethra in male mammals
Ventricle
One of two lower chambers of the heart; the left ventricle forces blood into the aorta, and the right ventricle forces blood into the pulmonary arteries
Dorsal side
The back plane
Ventral side
The belly plane
Anterior side
Toward the head or front
Posterior
Toward the tail or rear
Lateral
Toward the side
Medial
Toward the midline
Proximal
In a limb only; closer to body attachment
Distal
In a limb only; further away from the body attachment
Thymosin
A hormone that stimulates the maturation of T cells
T cells
A type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and matured here
Sternum
Protects the heart and lungs
Large intestine
Absorbs water and changes waste from liquid to stool
Small intestine
Further digests food coming from the stomach
Lungs
Process of respiration, breathing
Pericardial sac (pericardium)
A fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the heart and supports, cushions, and lubricates it
Septum
Prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood
Pulmonary circulation
Where blood is pumped to the lungs and back
Arteries
Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Veins
Return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
Valve
Keep blood from moving toward the heart
Apex
The “point” of the bottom of the heart
Glycogen
Chains of the glucose sugar
Bile
Helps to break down fats
Bile duct
Drains bile into the small intestine
Bolus
Partially digested food, lump
Corpus
The largest portion of the stomach, the curved region