Anatomy 1 Exam 2 important

Shobnom

First class lever

Fulcrum with resistance & effort on each side

What is an example of a first class lever?

atlanto-occipital joint (cervical spine & base of skull)

second class lever

resistance with fulcrum & effort on each side

What is an example of second class lever?

standing on your tippy toes

third class lever

effort with resistance & fulcrum on each side

What is an example of a third class lever?

effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm

merocrine gland

simple tubular glands; watery perspiration that helps thermoregulation

\-means for losing water & electrolytes

Apocrine glands

ducts that lead to nearby hair follicles; produce sweat that is thicker, milky, & contains fatty acids

mammary glands

milk producing glands that develop only during pregnancy & lactation

\-controlled by complex interaction between gonadal & pituitary hormones

sebaceous glands

sebum: oily secretions; glands with ducts opening into hair follicles

\-inactive in childhood; activated during puberty

ceruminous gland

produces ear wax; only in external ear canal

\-helps lubricate the external acoustic meatus & eardrum

When an increase in Ca+2 occurs what happens?

1. thyroid gland releases calcitonin

2. osteoclast activity is inhibited

3. Ca+2 reabsorption in the kidney decreases

4. Ca+2 level in blood decreases

When there is a decrease in Ca+2 what occurs?

1. parathyroid glands release PTH

2. osteoclasts release Ca+2 from bone

3. calcium is reabsorbed from urine by the kidneys

4. calcium absorption in the small intestine increases via Vitamin D synthesis

5. Ca+2 levels in blood increases

How does vitamin do become calcitriol?

1. UV turns into Vitamin D & released in the blood

2. blood passes through liver & converts to calcidiol

3. blood passes through the kidney & converts to calcitroil

red bone marrow

hematopoietic, reticular CT, developing blood cells, & adipocytes

osteogenic

stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, & in central canals

osteoblasts

bone forming cells; single layer of cells under endosteum & periosteum

\-produce osteoid which then hardens by mineral deposition

osteocytes

osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix

\-lacunae: where the osteocytes resides

\- canaliculi: channels that connect lacunae

\-maintain that bone matrix & detect

osteoclasts

bone-dissolving cells found on the surface

bone formation

calcification subsequently occurs to the osteoid when hydroxyapatite crystals deposit in the matrix

\-when calcium & phosphate reach a certain level

bone resorption

bone matrix is destroyed by substances by released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space

\-occurs when calcium level are low

alopecia

thinning of hair or baldness; immune system attacks mistakenly the hair follicles

hirsutism

Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that aren’t usually hairy; PCOS

male pattern baldness

hair loss occurs in specific regions of the scalp; genetic & hormonal influence

osteitis deformans

excessive bone resorption

achondroplasia dwarfism

abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage; normal torso short limbs

rickets

low blood calcium; bowlegged

osteoporosis

decrease bone mass, weakened bones prone to fracture; estrogen replacement treatment

cleft lip

incomplete fusion of upper jaw components of embryo

cleft palate

congenital fissure in palate midline; left & right maxillary & palatine are incompletely fused

crainiosyntosis

premature fusion of 1 or more cranial bone

kyphosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature; hunchback

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature; swayback

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

defective or insufficient dystrophin; incurable patients dont live past 30

smooth muscle

narrow cylindrical fibers, nonstriated & uninucleate; involuntary

cardiac muscle

striated, branched, generally uninucleate fibers; involuntary

skeletal muscle

striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers; voluntary

What are the characteristics of muscles?

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Where does the bulk of most fibers volume come from?

myofibrils

What is the muscle fiber triad relationship?

T-tubules conduct electrical impulses that stimulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the sliding filament theory that would be apparent in a sarcomere?

H zone becomes less obvious & the Z disc gets closer together

What stimulates the muscle to contract?

depolarization

Depolarization the sarcolemma is most permeable to

sodium ions

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

What is gomphosis?

fibrous joint attachment of a tooth to its socket

\-held by collagen fibers

\-allows tooth to move

When bones are bound by hyaline cartilage?

synchondrosis

Where is symphysis located in the body?

\-pubic symphysis

\-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

What is the articular cartilage made up of?

hyaline cartilage

What is located in the joint capsule?

connective tissue capsule

What is a bursa function/location?

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

Where is the hyoid bone located?

inferior to the skull between the mandible & the larynx

What is syndesmoses?

fibrous joint where two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers

\-more mobility

\-interosseous membrane

What is in the inner synovial membrane?

Areolar CT with fibroblast like cells and macrophages

Pivot joint

radius & ulna (bone spins)

\-one bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring like ligament

Saddle joint

carpal to metacarpal

\-noth bones have articular surface that is concave in one direction and convex in the other

condylar joint

metacarpal to phalanx

\-oval convex surface on one bone fits into concave depression on the other

Hinge joint

humerus & ulna(elbow)

\-one bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression on other bone

Plane joint

intercarpals

\-flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement

Autoimmune attack against the joint tissues

rheumatoid arthritis

\-antibodies attack synovial membrane

What is the most common form of arthritis and what happens to the body?

osteoarthritis

\-articular cartilage softens and degenerates

What is synovial fluid made up of?

albumin & hyaluronic acid

What part of the back is in the primary curvature?

thoracic & sacral

What part of the back is secondary curvature?

cervical & lumbar

endochondral ossification

1)hyaline cartilage

2)primary ossification

3)secondary ossification

4)all cartilage is replaced

intramembranous ossification

1)thick center of mesenchyme

2)undergo calcification

3)woven bone & surrounding periosteum

4)lamellar; compact & spongy bone