Unit 2 Key Terms - US Envio History

George Perkins Marsh

Early conservationist who argued humans negatively impact the environment; wrote Man and Nature (1864).

Timber Frontier

Period of rapid logging expansion in the U.S. where forests were treated as unlimited resources.

Peshtigo Fire

Deadliest wildfire in U.S. history (1871) in Wisconsin.

US Forest Service

Federal agency (est. 1905) that manages national forests and promotes conservation.

Gifford Pinchot

First chief of the U.S. Forest Service; promoted scientific forestry and conservation.

Scientific management

Method of managing resources efficiently for long-term use and sustainability.

Superior National Forest

Protected forest in Minnesota known for conservation and recreation (Boundary Waters).

1910 Fires

Massive wildfires in Idaho and Montana that shaped fire suppression policy.

Weeks Act (1911)

Law allowing federal purchase of land to create national forests and protect watersheds.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program employing young men in conservation and infrastructure projects.

Sustained Yield Forest Management Act (1944)

Law promoting long-term timber production and stable forest communities.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association

Industry group representing lumber companies.

Postwar Clearcuts

Large-scale logging after WWII removing entire forest areas, causing environmental concerns.

National Forest Management Act (1976)

Law requiring sustainable forest planning and public involvement.

Citizen Forest Reform Organizations

Grassroots groups advocating for environmental protection and forest policy reform.

American Forest and Paper Association

Trade group representing forestry and paper industries.

Menominee Forest

Tribally managed forest in Wisconsin known for sustainable forestry practices.

La Follette Act (1912)

Law protecting rights of federal workers and improving labor conditions.

Menominee 1937 lawsuit

Legal case defending Menominee rights to manage their forest resources.

Menominee Termination Act (1954)

Law ending federal recognition of the Menominee Tribe.

Menominee Restoration Act (1973)

Law restoring federal recognition and rights to the Menominee Tribe.

George Catlin

Artist who proposed the idea of preserving land as national parks.

Sublime

Idea of nature as awe-inspiring, powerful, and sometimes terrifying.

National Park Service Organic Act (1916)

Law creating the National Park Service to preserve scenery and wildlife.

Ward v. Race Horse (1896)

Supreme Court case limiting Native American treaty hunting rights.

Kaibab Plateau

Arizona region where deer overpopulation occurred due to predator removal.

Paul Sutter

Environmental historian studying conservation and land use.

Ken Burns

Documentary filmmaker who created films about U.S. history and national parks.

Daniel Treuer

Ojibwe author and historian writing about Native American life and history.