A&P 2 - Exam 2 Review

move blood through the body

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

- oxygen

- CO2

- nutrients

- waste products

- hormones

- heat

What six things are transported through the cardiovascular system?

False (major link)

True or False: Blood is a minor link between most of the body's major systems

Heart

The muscular pump of the cardiovascular system

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

conducting arteries

Large arteries are also called what?

True

True or False: Arteries can carry deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

oxygenated

Arteries usually carry what type of blood?

elastic fibers

Large arteries contain a lot of ________________ which allows a pulse to be felt

elastic fibers

These within arteries function to help maintain blood pressure in between contractions of the heart

arterioles

Which can change diameter more, arteries or arterioles?

smooth muscle

Arteries cannot change diameter very much because they have very little to no _________________

tunica media

most elastic fibers are found within which tunica of blood vessels?

Smooth muscle (in tunica media)

Within vessels that can change diameter, what is most responsible for diameter changes?

basement membrane

When this layer of the tunica intima is exposed to blood it will trigger a clot to form

smooth muscle (in tunica intima)

Within vessels that can change diameter, what is minimally responsible for diameter changes?

lamina propria

Where is smooth muscle found within the tunica intima?

distributing arteries

Medium arteries are also called what?

medium arteries

Which has less elastic connective tissue, large or medium arteries?

medium arteries

Which has more smooth muscle, large or medium arteries

arterioles

What vessels of the cardiovascular system carry blood away from the heart are the most important in blood regulation?

autonomic nervous system

what division of the nervous system controls arteries and arterioles?

parasympathetic nervous system

What division of the nervous system is responsible for slowing blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

sympathetic nervous system

What division of the nervous system is responsible for increasing blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

skeletal muscle

What surrounds veins to help them contract?

capillaries

What is the functional unit of the cardiovascular system?

1mm

What is the average length of a capillary?

10um

What is the average diameter of a capillary?

True

True or False: The diameter of a capillary is not much larger than a red blood cell

slows blood flow to increase exchange

Why is it beneficial to have the capillary diameter similar in size to a red blood cell?

endothelium

capillaries are made mostly of what?

connective tissue

capillaries have very little __________

- basement membrane

- tunica adventitia

The connective tissue of capillaries is made of what two things?

- arterioles

- venules

What two things do capillaries connect?

limiting membrane (controls what enters bloodstream)

Capillary endothelial cells act as what type of membrane?

between endothelial cells

Larger molecules enter the bloodstream through what part of capillaries?

precapillary sphincters

these regulate blood flow into true capillaries

False (denser in precapillary sphincters)

True or False: The smooth muscle in the tunica media is more dense than in the precapillary sphincters

chemicals in the tissues (not nervous system)

What causes the opening and closing of precapillary sphincters?

increase

A(n)___________ in CO2 will cause precapillary sphincters to relax

decrease

A(n) ___________ in CO2 will cause precapillary sphincters to contract

increase

A(n) ___________ in pH will cause precapillary sphincters to constrict

decrease

A(n) ___________ in pH will cause precapillary sphincters to relax

local tissue metabolism

What controls the amount of CO2 present at precapillary sphincters?

50um

Most cells are how close to capillaries?

low

Tissues with _________ metabolisms can be found further away from capillary beds

cartilage

What is an example of a low metabolic tissue that can be further from capillary beds?

nutrients diffuse from capillary bed beneath

Why doesn't epithelial tissue have capillaries?

slower

Tissues with few capillaries heal ___________ as compared to those with many capillaries

- nutrients

- water

- O2

- CO2

- waste

Capillaries exchange what 5 things?

absorption

In the intestine capillaries mostly do (absorption/excretion)?

Both

In the kidneys capillaries mostly do (absorption/excretion)?

venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries and deliver into the veins

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

deoxygenated (can carry oxygenated)

Veins usually carry what type of blood?

constriction/dilation

How do veins regulate blood pressure?

Mediastinum

What cavity is the heart found in?

pericardial sac

The heart is surrounded by this translucent sac

dense irregular connective tissue

What type of tissue makes up the pericardial sac?

serous membrane

What type of membrane makes up the pericardial sac?

simple squamous

What type of epithelial cells make up the serous membrane of the pericardial sac?

pericardial fluid

The serous membrane of there pericardial sac produces this fluid

pericardial cavity

This is a potential space around the heart that contains pericardial fluid

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

serous membrane covering the heart

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart that also lines all of the cardiovascular system

endothelium

Endocardium is similar to what?

fat

Too much of this surrounding the heart can inhibit it from filling with blood

perpendicular

The pulmonary semilunar valve is in what orientation relative to the aortic semilunar valve?

tricuspid valve

This valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

This valve connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

lungs

The pulmonary artery takes blood to where?

pulmonary veins

After blood passes through the lungs it exits via what vessels?

left atrium

The pulmonary veins delivery blood to where?

bicuspid valve (mitral valve)(left atrioventricular valve)

This valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

This valve connects the left ventricle to the aorta

False (significant pathologies)

True or False: Valves are very strong and have few pathologies

left

Which side of the heart is it generally worse to have pathologies?

chordae tendineae

These structures function to prevent the valves within the heart from going in the wrong direction

rectangular to elongated cells

What is the general shape of cardiac muscle cells?

True

True or False: Cardiac muscle cells can branch

False (actin and myosin)

True or False: Cardiac muscle contains actin but not myosin

sarcomeres

Actin and myosin join to form what?

skeletal

Are striations in muscle more visible in cardiac or skeletal muscle?

True

True or False: Cardiac muscle can have more than one nuclei

mitochondria

Cardiac muscle cells have many of these for oxidative cellular respiration

capillary

cardiac muscle cells have the lowest cell to __________ ratio compared to all other muscle

intercalated discs

cardiac muscle cells are connected by what?

gap junctions

intercalated discs between cardiac muscle cells have may ____________ for cell to cell communication

sarcoplasmic reticulum

This organelle within cardiac muscle concentrates calcium ions

organized

As compared to skeletal muscle cells, the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle is less ___________

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

invaginations of cardiac muscle cell plasma membranes

loose

This type of association between T-tubules and the SRS within cardiac muscle cells allows for slow onset of myocardium contraction and a prolonged contraction phase

slow

The loose association between T-tubules and the SRS within cardiac muscle cells causes the release of calcium to be relatively ____________

rapidly

The myocardial action potential conduction system is modified to conduct action potentials through the heart __________ as compared to the rest of the cardiac system

myocardial cells

All structures in the myocardial action potential conduction system are modified ______________________________

larger

Modified myocardial cells have a _____________ diameter than other myocardial cells

few

modified myocardial cells have __________ myofibrils

False (less forcefully)

True or False: Modified myocardial cells contract more forcefully than other myocardial cells

gap junctions

The modified myocardial cells contain well-developed intercalated discs with many ____________________