biology final study guide

Genetic engineering

Tech that involves manipulating genes of an organism

Ex: adding or removing traits

What is the result of the polymerase chain reaction

Millions of copies of a specific DNA segment

Scientists use the process of genetic engineering to __________?

Create organisms with new traits, make medicines, improve agriculture, treat genetic disorders

DNA typing

Way to identify individuals based on their unique DNA

What is the human genome project specifically trying to find?

The exact sequence of 5 billion nucleotides in human DNA

Took 10 years and international scientists

What are the benefits of pharmocagenomics

Stronger safer medicine

More accurate drug dosages

Improvements on drug discovery

Decrease healthcare costs

Explain why Darwin said that many organisms seemed well suited to survive their environment in which they lived.

The organism adapted to its environment which helped them thrive and reproduce

Explain how similar DNA sequences in genes can be evidence of common ancestry

The more DNA organisms have in common, the more likely they are to have a common ancestor

Fitness

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Biogeography

The study of where a species lives around the world and how they got there

Vestigial structures

Body parts that are not mandatory to survive

Ex: appendix, tailbone

Homologous structures

Body parts that are the same in 2 different species, most likely from a common ancestor

Explain how fossil records supported Charles Darwin’s theory

Showed that the earth is super old, and how animals have changed over the years

Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism to survive and reproduce better

Mutation

A random change in genetic material

Can be beneficial or harmful

Genetic drift

Change in allele frequencies by chance

Chance of loosing alleles is greater in smaller populations

More favorable in larger population

Temporal isolation

2 groups of the same species don’t mate because they reproduce during different times

Gene pool

Total collection of genes and alleles in a population

Explain why genetic drift tends to occur in populations that are small

With fewer individuals, random changes have bigger impact

Explain why founders would be the first step that occurred in the speciation of the Galapagos finches

Because a few finches (founders in this case) flew to a new island, and now most of their population resides there

Binomial nomenclature

2 name system used to name organisms

Genus+species

Ex:homo sapiens

Scientific names

Latin names for animals

Used for no confusion

Puma - puma con color

Phylum

3rd level of classification

Backbone - phylum chordata (vertebrates)

Genus

Group before species, 2nd most specific

HOMO sapiens

Explain why common names are not useful to biologists, and that they need to refer to the

species scientific name.

They could possibly cause confusion between scientists

What are the two parts of scientific names composed of

Genus+species

What are the two things that traditional classification tended to take into account

Physical characteristics and behavior

Kingdoms

2nd biggest category

Ex: animalia, plantae, fungi

Domain

Biggest category

Ex: bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic

Archea

Prokaryotes

Ancient bacterium

Species

Most specific level of classification Backbone, same species CAN mate

Cladogram

Family tree based on shared traits

What do nodes on a cladogram represent

Node - where branches split

Shows a common ancestor

Motor neurons

Carry signals from the brain or spinal cord to your muscles and glands

Neurons

Nerve cells that send messages throughout your body via electrical signals

Sensory neurons

Carries info from receptors in the skin to your brain

Nervous system

Controls all body responses, thoughts, feelings, movements

2 parts - CNS and PNS

CNS

Processes info and forms a response

Made of brain and spinal cord

Which part of the ear do sound waves first enter

Auditory canal, creates vibrations

Stimulant

All drugs that increase alertness and physical activity

Ex: nicotine, caffeine

What are the components of the circulatory system

Blood, vessels, heart

Arteries

Vessels carrying oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body - thickest vessel

EXCEPT pulmonary

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels that filter waste in blood

Connects veins and arteries

A

Esophagus

B

Gallbladder

C

Liver

D

Stomach

E

Small intestine

F

Pancreas

G

Small intestine

H

Large intestine

Where does the process of chemical digestion begin?

In the mouth with saliva

Pancreas

Creates digestive enzymes and sends them out

Makes insulin and glucagon to keep blood sugar regulated

Explain what role does the pancreas play in regulating glucose in the blood

When blood sugar is high it releases insulin to regulate

Zygote

A fertilized egg cell

The placenta contains tissue from who

Mom and baby

Lymph nodes and what does it mean when the lymph nodes are swollen

Swollen means sign of infection

Lymph nodes are the body’s immune defense

Inflammatory response

Signs - redness, heat, swelling, body sends out white body cells

B cells

Creates antibodies to attach and neutralize antigens (invaders)

Orders T cells to attack

T cells

Immune system’s defense

Active immunity and include an example

Your body builds its own army of antibodies after being exposed to a pathogen

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Biomes

Big area with similar climate plans and animals

Habitat

the place an organism lives

Niche

An organisms role in an ecosystem

Biotic factors

Living factors of an environment

Food web

Complex map of the transfer of energy in an environment

Food chain

Simple line of who eats who

Water cycle

The movement of water through an environment

Tundra

super cold, dry, windy, permafrost

Renewable resources

Unlimited or naturally replenished my nature

Non renewable resources

Once used up, takes millions of years to replenish