history- renaissance (copy)

renaissance means

rebirth in knowledge

change in idea about cause of disease

• fewer people believed in supernatural or religious causes

• new rational ideas suggested- e.g. seeds in air spreading disease

why did religious involvement in ideas about cause of disease

decreasing power of church- dissolution of monasteries, Charles II support of Royal Society, printing press meaning not only monks wrote medical books, didn’t control university training, physicians stopped believing in Galen TofFH and TofO

continuity in ideas on cause of disease

• miasma, particularly popular during epidemics

• TofHF, accepted by general public (by 1700, physicians disagreed)

• religion, only during Great Plague

physicians stopped using…to diagnose patient

• astrology charts- for diagnosis and timing treatment

• urine charts- due to improved knowledge of digestion, realised wasn’t a good indicator of disease

when diagnosing patients, physicians started to…

carry out more direct observations and examinations of their patients, rather than relying on patients explaining symptoms

who influenced change in physicians?

thomas sydenham, means of diagnosis

when and where did sydenham work?

London- 1660s and 1670s

what book did sydenham write, and when?

"Observationes Medicae" in 1676, outlining his theories and observations

→ wouldn’t be possible without printing press

what did Sydenham not do? and what did he do instead?

DID NOT rely on medical books when making a diagnosis INSTEAD observed patients and recorded symptoms in detail

what ‘new’ idea was Sydenham instrumental in?

disease had nothing to do with nature of person who had it

Sydenham based his treatment on…

the disease as a whole, not individual symptoms

mostly after his death, Sydenham became known as the…

‘English Hippocrates’, due to his influence on doctors

key invention in change in transmission of ideas

• printing press- invented in 1440 by Guttenberg

• by 1500, hundreds of printing presses across Europe

why was the printing press important?

meant that many exact copies of texts could be produced in a short amount of time, which meant that:

• more people could access books, as they were cheaper and more abundant

• scientists and doctors could publish their theories, experiments and findings, leading to a wider spread of knowledge and new ideas

• decreased power of church, now wasn’t only monks writing medical training book, which only supported ideas of Galen and the Church. church could no longer prevent publication of books they didn’t agree with

the royal society…

aimed to further scientific understanding by:

1. carrying out and recording results of experiments

2. sharing scientific knowledge

3. encouraging new theories and ideas

4. sponsored scientists to enable them to carry out research

from ____, the Royal Society published…

a journal called ‘Philosophical Transactions’, scientists could share their work and ideas, meaning doctors and scientists could study, challenge and build on other’s research

this meant theories could be confirmed or dismissed, news of the findings could spread through the medical community quickly

King Charles II…

granted a Royal Charter to the Royal Society, because he was very interested in science

King Charles II’s support of the Royal Society meant

1. the Church couldn’t disagree with the monarch, who was the head, and believed monarchs divinely appointed

2. helped the society to gain credibility

difference in medieval and renaissance hospitals

by 1500:

used to treat sick people, not care for travellers and pilgrims

most had apothecary to mix medicines

physicians/doctors visited twice a day

what caused closing of many hospitals?

dissolution of monastery in 1536

new hospitals after dissolution of monasteries…but…

free, charity-funded hospitals were set up, run by physicians focused on treating the sick, rather than monks focusing on religion

but it wasn’t until 1700s that number of hospitals returned to pre-dissolution levels

3 new types of hospitals in renaissance, and their significance?

1. pest houses- plague victims

2. leper houses- leprosy

3. pox houses- small pox

significantly- designed to isolate those with highly contagious diseases, and actually treated people with infectious diseases, unlike medieval times

6 continuities in treatment and prevention

1. healthy living

2. superstitions and prayer

3. cleanliness

4. bleeding and purging

5. traditional herbal remedies- wise women

6. physicians only afforded by rich

changes in prevention and treatment

1. more emphasis on miasma through draining swamps, removing sewage and rubbish

2. regular changing clothes to keep clean, not just bathing

3. new herbal remedies from newly discovered countries brought to england, some were effective

4. theory of transference, onions chickens and frogs on buboes to try to ‘transfer’ disease

5. alchemy caused chemical cures using metals or minerals to become popular

cause of lack of change in renaissance

improved knowledge and discoveries of Renaissance had a limited impact at the time because:

1. ideas slow to be accepted

2. no direct use in improving treatment or disease

3. discoveries did not improve understanding of cause of disease

continuity in apothecaries and surgery

still not given uni training, still considered inferior to physicians and they were cheaper

change in apothecaries and surgery

1. both better trained through being in guild systems, where they were apprentacises, then journeymen, the masters

2. licence now needed to do both jobs, only issued after completing training

continuity in physicians

1. still being trained at uni, lasted many years

2. training still based on learning textbooks, rather than practical experience

change in physicians

1. better access to wider variety of medical books and detailed drawings due to printing press

2. led by Vesalius, new ideas about anatomy and cause of disease gradually inspired some physicians to become more practical and experimental

3. dissection was legalised, but took time to become commonplace

what, where and when did Vesalius study?

medicine, in Paris, in 1533

what did Vesalius do after studying in Paris?

became a professor of surgery in Padua Italy, he carried out large number of dissections on human bodies, and made many discoveries about how the body worked

Vesalius published…

The Fabric of the Human Body, in 1543

5 reasons Vesalius was important

1. improved understanding of human body

2. made study of anatomy ‘fashionable’, became central to study of medicine, leading to inspiring other scientists to investigate and increased knowledge

3. proved that Galen’s work was incorrect, e.g. human jawbone 2 bones not one, helped encourage others to question Galen’s theories

4. encouraged and inspired other scientists and medical professionals to carry out dissections and make further discoveries

5. work was widely published in England throughout Europe, included detailed illustrations of human body, which were copied into other medical books

when was the Great Plague

1665

beliefs about causes of Great Plague

1. miasma- most commonly believed

2. far fewer people believed caused by imbalance in Four Humours

3. people knew disease could be passed from person to person

treatments for Great Plague

1. herbal remedies, either mixed by wise women apothecaries or ‘quack’ doctors

2. theory of transference, onions frogs chickens

3. sweat out disease, sufferers wrapped up in thick blankets and put by fire

key difference between 1348 and 1665 plague

government action, greater reaction from local councils, ordered by King to try and stop plague from spreading

7 examples of government action in Great Plague

1. theatres closed, large gatherings banned

2. dogs cats pigeons killed

3. streets regularly cleaned

4. barrels of tar burned in streets

5. daily carts collected the dead, then buried in deep mass graves

6. household boarded into home for 40 days or taken to pest house, if member caught plague

7. days of fasting and public prayers ordered

plague doctor costumes

to prevent them catching disease:

1. masks had sweet smelling herbs to ward off miasma

2. waxed cloaks nothing from patients could be absorbed into it

3. believed birds attracted disease so mask in shape of birds break, in hope it would cause plague to leave patient

Harvey was influenced by…and influenced…

Vesalius…Sydenham

where did harvey study?

cambridge and then padua

Harvey became a…

lecturer of anatomy in London at the College of Physics

Harvey was…

one of King James I doctors

Harvey carried out…

public dissections

Harvey taught…

doctors the importance of observing and recording patients symptoms, rather than relying on textbooks for diagnosis and treatments

what 4 things did Harvey discover about the blood?

1. blood flowed in one way around body

2. veins have valves, arteries are part of same system

3. heart works like a water pump

4. blood is not made in the liver and burnt up

Harvey published his findings in…

An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Ani

5 reasons Harvey was important

1. proved some of Galen’s theories wrong, bringing question to his other theories

2. improved knowledge how body worked, passed knowledge on. 1700- work being taught in medical schools

3. royal physician- work gained credibility and publicity- inspired others to find out more

4. scientific methods of observation and use of dissection had brought results, were copied by others

5. discoveries left unanswered questions, encouraged further experiments