Fundamentals of Kinesiology Exam 3

applied anatomy

the discipline of anatomy important for a sound understanding of basic structures and how these structures produce movement

regional anatomy

the method of studying body structures by investigating a specific part (thigh, knee) with its associated structures

systematic anatomy

the method of studying anatomy that investigates each body system (muscular system, nervous system) and its associated structures

anatomical position

reference point; in this position, the body is upright, with the head facing forward, arms at the side of the trunk with the palms facing forward, and the legs together with the feet pointing forward

anterior

front

posterior

back

distal

towards the ground

proximal

towards the middle

medial

towards the middle

lateral

away from the middle

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

frontal plane

front of the body

sagittal plane

cuts the body long ways

transverse plane

horizontal

functions of the skeletal system

protect internal organs, provides a rigid internal framework that supports upright posture, facilitates movement by providing attachment sites for muscles and serving as levers, produces red blood cells, bone serves as a storage site for minerals

muscle actions

concentric and eccentric

biomechanics

study of the structure and function of biological systems by the means and methods of mechanics

mechanopathology

the mechanics that lead to an injury

pathomechanics

the mechanics that result from an injury

kinematics

the branch of mechanics that describes motion without regard to the causative forces

kinetics

the branch of mechanics examining the forces that cause motion

scalar

contains magnitude

vector

contains magnitude and direction

tools used for biomechanical analysis

EMG, force plate/platform, motion capture, video cameras, goniometer

sport biomechanics

utilized to analyze and improve athletic performance and technnique

sport biomechanics can

analyze the type of equipment being used, be done by simple observation, and more technical equipment can be used.

Newton’s 1st Law: Law of Inertia

an object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest

Newton’s 2nd Law: Law of Acceleration

F = ma

Newton’s 3rd law: Law of action-reaction

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

motor development

studies the progression and regression of one’s movement availability and motor performance across the lifespan

motor control

studies the neurological mechanisms and the mechanical functions that influence motor performance

motor learning

studies how individuals learn and improve their motor skills and performance

humans develop in four domains:

physical, cognitive, affective, & motor

nature (biology)

human movement was the result of pre-programmed changes in the nervous system

nurture (environment)

human movement is shaped by environmental experiences, learning, and external influences that interact with the nervous system to develop motor skills

fine motor skills

smaller movements that require the recruitment of small motor units

gross motor skills

larger movements requiring recruitment of larger motor skills

locomotor skills

skills used to propel our bodies through space moving from one location to another

object control skills

skills used to propel an object through space

3 levels of motor skills

1st level: reflexive

2nd level: preadaptive

3rd level: fundamental

two more layers of motor skills that can be achieved

context specific and skillful

stages of learning

cognitive, associative, and autonomous

athletic training

a health care profession specializing in injuries to physically active individuals

how to become an athletic trainer

obtaining a degree, certification, licensure, CPR certification

common athletic injuries

contusions, strains, sprains, overuse injuries, dislocations

prevention and health promotion

pre-participation physical exams, education of injury, prevention of injury, risk management, teaching proper technique, job-specific training, environmental conditions

therapeutic interventions

immediate effects of injury, rehabilitation

psychological effects

depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, substance abuse

strength and conditioning coaches

responsible for the physical and mental development of athletes for sport performance. work with the entire staff of a sports team to maximize adaptations and recovery. can be very stressful and requires a high volume of working hours per week.

before designing a strength and conditioning program, the coach must perform a

needs analysis

anaerobic based sports

high-intensity, short to intermediate bouts of exercise requiring energy production from the phosphagen and gycolytic systems (sprinting, weightlifting, plyometrics)

plyometric training

involves rapid, powerful movements in a very short time span

aerobic based sports

longer duration bouts which require oxygen utilization for continued energy production (swimming, cross-country, cycling, hiking)

fitness

a set of attributes that allow you to safely and effectively complete a desired task

cardiorespiratory fitness

body’s ability to create energy through oxidative means to carry out prolonged physical work or exercise

muscle fitness

a combination of muscle strength and muscle endurance

body composition

the breakdown of the body’s total mass into its various components, including fat mass, lean mass, and other tissues.

flexibility

ability to move joints through a full range of motion

balance

the ability to maintain the body’s center of gravity within its base of support

stability

the body’s ability to maintain or regain a desired position or movement against external forces, involving coordinated muscle activation and neuromuscular control to resist or return to a stable state.