DNA Transcription and Translation

The two parts that make up a ribosome.

The two parts that make up a ribosome.

Small and large ribosomal subunit

Region that determines when the copying of the mRNA transcript ends

The terminator region

The process of copying a specific segment called a gene into mRNA

Transcription

The tRNA that does NOT carry an amino acid. The one leaving the E site

Uncharged tRNA

The type of RNA that carries an amino acid to the ribosome

tRNA (transfer RNA)

What happens during the termination stage in translation

The release factor attaching to the stop codon, the polypeptide getting released from the P site and the disassociation of the entire complex

The regions of the large ribosomal subunit

EPA (E=exit, P= peptide, A= activation)

Coding regions and non-coding regions, respectively

Exons and introns

Sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides/bases carried within a mature mRNA transcript, which codes for a specific amino acid

Codon

The sequence of three RNA nucleotides/bases carried at the bottom of tRNA

Anticodon

The type of mRNA transcript that forms after RNA processing

Mature mRNA transcript

The combination of the mature mRNA transcript, the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA and the large ribosomal subunit

Translation complex

The region that serves as a recognition site for RNA polymerase

Promoter region

The type of genetic code found in humans

Triplet code

Type of RNA that encodes information for the synthesis of proteins and carries it to a ribosome from the nucleus

mRNA (messenger RNA)

For every specific polypeptide assembled on the ribosome, this must always remain the same

The sequence of amino acids

The RNA/protein complex needed during RNA processing to remove introns

The spliceosome

The amount of possible combination of codons in the genetic code and the amount of those that actually code for an amino acid

64 and 61

Stages of DNA transcription, which are called the same in protein translation

initiation, elongation and termination

The addition of a 5' cap and a 3' poly-A tail and splicing

RNA processing

Removal of introns

Intron splicing

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region on the gene sequence to be copied into mRNA. RNA polymerase also unwinds the two strands. RNA polymerase attaches the first RNA nucleotide to a DNA nucleotide on only one of the DNA strands by using the complementary base-pairing system

Initiation in transcription

Second RNA nucleotide is attached to the second DNA nucleotide (by RNA polymerase) using the complementary base-pairing system. The mRNA transcript will grow until it reaches the terminator region

Elongation in transcription

The second tRNA comes in an attaches to the A site. The amino acid carried by this second tRNA bonds to the one from the initiator tRNA on the P site forming this type of chemical bond between them

Peptide bond

It produces the primary transcript by stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides, which are placed by complementary-base pairing to the sequence of DNA called a gene, which is being transcribe. It also unwinds the DNA sequence (gene) in transcription

RNA polymerase