Lipids and Carbs (not done)

What are lipids?

Organic substances that are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents

What is the difference between fat and oil?

Fat is solid in room temperature this is determined by the number of unsaturated bonds (less bonds is oil)

how many carbons are in short chain FAs?

<8

How many carbons in medium chain FAs?

8-12

How many carbons in long chain FAs?

>12

What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?

Cis have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the bone

Trans hydrogens are on the opposite side

What is important about trans fatty acids?

They are a source made by ruminants in the rumen

Wat is alpha nomenclature?

Based on position and types of double bonds relative to the carboxylic (alpha) end of the fatty acid

What is the omega nomenclature?

Fatty acids categorized into groups based on where the first double bond is located relative to methyl (omega) end

“n” system

How are lipoproteins distinguished?

Size and density

What happens as you increase lipid in a lipoprotein?

Lower the density

What happens if you increase protein in a lipoprotein?

Higher the density

What are the types of lipoproteins?

Chylomicrons

VLDL

IDL

LDL

HDL

What do high levels of HDL cause in humans and primates?

atherosclerosis (CVD)

What do high levels of LDL cause in humans and primates?

Reduced risk of atherosclerosis (CVD)

Wat lipid source is richest in PUFA?

Soybean oils

What happens if you give too much of Omega 6 or Omega 3s?

You suppress the benefits of the other

What lipid source is a source of essential fatty acids?

Soybean oil

What stimulates lipolysis?

Hypoglycemia (starvation)

Exercise

Physiological stress

What is lypolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol

what is hormone-sensitive lipase?

Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds that attach fatty acids to the glycerol molecule

Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

What is ketoenesis?

Conversion of FFA to ketone bodies that is measurable in blood and urine

When does ketogenesis occur?

When body’s supply of glucose becomes limited

What uses ketones as energy?

Brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys

How does obesity occur?

Energy excess leads to insulin stimulating triglyceride storage and lipogenesis

What PUFAs are used to treat inflammatory conditions?

Omega-3s

What is the most abundant monosaccharide in body that provides ATP to cells?

Glucose

What compounds can glucose be used to synthesize?

fat

Glycogen

Starch in plats

What is fructose?

Naturally occuring monosaccharide found in honey, fruits, and vegetables

Sweetest monosaccharide

What is galactose?

few foods contain galactose in its free state

Coupled with glucose to make lactose

Component of glycolipids and glycoproteins

Converted to glucose and used as energy